Chinese Mencius And Xunzi On Human Nature Essay

Mencius and Xunzi both follow Confucian philosophy yet have a dramatically different understanding of human nature. Additionally, the two philosophers make their arguments in strikingly different literary methods. Mencius believes that the â€Å"goodness of human nature is like the downward course of water† (147) in that people are naturally inclined to be good, and he makes this argument through conversations among friends and public figures. In contrast, Xunzi staunchly argues that â€Å"Human nature is evil† (179) and through essays claims that human nature’s only â€Å"goodness derives from the conscious activity† (179). The two philosophers both use many metaphors to explain their own interpretation of human nature in different ways. By exploring the philosophies of these two great Confucian thinkers, one better understands the multitude of ways human nature can be explained in Confucianism throughout Chinese history. As the â€Å"single most influential contributor to a view of human nature in Confucianized East Asia† (116), Mencius’ philosophy is fundamental. Mencius argues that human nature is good, and â€Å"ru† teachings furthered natural tendencies. To explain the natural goodness of human nature Mencius shows that â€Å"the goodness of human nature is like the downward course of water. † By this he claims, â€Å"there is no human being lacking in the tendency to do good, just as there is no water lacking in the tendency to flow downward† (147). Furthermore he counters the claim that water can be manipulated to go many directions by rationalizing that, â€Å"while people can be made to do what is not good, what happens to their nature is like this†(147). Overall, this metaphor is used to show that without manipulation or outside forces, people naturally want to do good things. 1 Additionally, Mencius asserts that the innate knowledge and ability, that of the child, is original and good due to the natural human tendency toward goodness. He explains that, â€Å"what people are able to do without having learned it is original, good ability. What they know without having to think about it is original, good knowledge† (156). Furthermore he gives the practical example that, â€Å"there are no young children who do not know to love their parents† (156). Another metaphor, that of the child falling into the well, advances the idea that this innate knowledge can be found in all people. Mencius explains that a man upon seeing a, â€Å"child falling in to a well, his mind would always be filled with alarm†therefore, â€Å"all human beings have a mind that cannot bear to see the sufferings of others (129). By claiming that a man can not help but feel this alarm naturally supports Mencius’ idea that by nature humans can not bear to see the suffering of other. Finally, Mencius uses the example of Ox Mountain, which was once beautifully covered in trees but is now bare to show the transformation of the outward appearance of human nature. Upon seeing, â€Å"this barrenness, people suppose that the mountain was never wooded. But how could this be the nature of the mountain? † (151). He asks. By this Mencius illustrates that one might suppose that a man never had the capacity for goodness just because he does not now follow the Way, however just as is the mountains nature to be wooded, it is man’s nature to be good. In contrast to Mencius optimistic thoughts on human nature, Xunzi argues that, â€Å"human nature is evil; its goodness derives from the conscious activity† (179). By this Xunzi means that human nature tends towards a â€Å"fondness for profit†¦envy and hate†¦ beautiful sights and sounds†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and â€Å"following human nature and indulging human emotions will inevitably lead to contention and strife† (180). Such a grim outlook on 2 human nature likely derives from the tremulous and violent time period in which he developed these philosophies. Xunzi’s journeys during the Warring States Period likely had an impact on his pessimistic stance on human nature. However, Xunzi explains that these low human desires can be and should be controlled and directed by means of ritual and teachings. He praises the value of teachers as a way of practicing virtue and claims, â€Å"one must be transformed by the example of a teacher and guided by the way of ritual and rightness before one will attain modestly and yielding, accord with refinement and ritual, and return to order† (180). Xunzi refutes the idea that ritual and rightness are part of human nature and instead are the result of activity through the metaphor of a potter and carpenter. Xunzi rationalizes, â€Å"a potter may mold clay and produce an earthen pot, but how could molding pots of clay be the potter’s nature? A carpenter may carve wood and produce utensils but how could carving utensils out of wood be the carpenter’s nature? † (182). In this metaphor Xunzi illustrates how rituals are the result of conscious activity, and these rituals â€Å"established models and limits in order to reform and improve the human emotional nature† (180). Without such limits to evil human nature, society would fall into chaos. Mencius, in each of his metaphors illustrates how human nature has a tendency to be good. In contrast Xunzi’s metaphors and explanations illustrate his claim that human nature is bad. Although these two thinkers differ greatly in philosophy, they share the idea that governance and personal cultivation have a close relationship. Mencius’ belief that human nature is good is related to his idea of proper governance. Leading by example allows people to follow the Way and to be in touch with their true human nature, and therefore Heaven. In contrast, Xunzi believes that evil human nature can be curbed and 3 directed through conscious activity and ritual so as to allow for order in government. Finally, the two, as â€Å"ru† thinkers, also believe in the ability of humans in general to aspire to higher personal cultivation. Mencius states, â€Å"if one does what is not good, that is not the fault of ones capacities† (149) and similarly Xunzi also claims, â€Å"The man on the street can become a Yu† (183) meaning any man on the street has the natural endowment needed to understand virtue.

Immorality and Inhumanity in the Pictures from Abu Ghraib

One of the most serious blows to American society and reputation was the highly publicized scandal of maltreatment and abuse of prisoners in Iraq. These incidents, which were uncovered in 2004, happened in the Abu Ghraib prison complex and perpetrated by American personnel under the 372nd Military Police Company.The abuses came to public notice from the media, which was able to acquire extremely graphic images of the tortures taken by the soldiers involved in the incidents themselves. (Hersh, 2004) Following the incident, the United States Military charged those responsible for the crimes and demoted the officer in-charge of the U.S. prison system in Iraq.Until now, however, the American public and the world are still reeling from disappointment over the irrationality and immorality of such systematic acts of violence against the Iraqui prisoners which included various forms of physical, psychological, and sexual abuses. More disconcerting than the acts of the abuses, however, is the fact that the soldiers even took photographs of their crimes.The photographs show the prisoners in shameful conditions, either naked or forced to assume positions suggesting sexual acts with fellow prisoners. Undoubtedly, the photographs show not only violations of basic human rights according to the International Humanitarian Law but also disrespect to the Muslim culture and Islamic beliefs by the American soldiers involved.Among the most disturbing aspects of the photographs taken in the Abu Ghraib prison is the presence of a woman, Private Lynndie England, posing with her thumbs up while the prisoners are being subjected to inhuman treatment.In one photo she is shown posing with a fellow soldier while naked prisoners are made to form a human pyramid at the foreground. In another, she poses with the ubiquitous thumbs up sign while at the same time pointing to the genitals of hooded male prisoners lined up. Indeed, the gloating and happy image of Private England is a stark contras t to the cruelty and torment seen from the prisoners who are reduced to the state of animals.Thus, the pictures should provoke not only outrage from the public but should also lead to a reexamination of the kind of morality and basic sense of decency of military personnel such as England who could derive enjoyment from the clear suffering of her fellow human beings. It is an unfortunate incident that a woman, whom the public expects to be more sensitive to the feelings and emotions of her fellow human being, would be part of the ritual of dehumanization of the prisoners from the physical, emotional, and the psychological aspects of the torture.It is a disappointing fact that Private England, despite her gender, was able to tolerate highly sexualized abuses that were usually committed by men to show their dominance upon women: rape, brutality, and sodomy.Aside from being devoid of any sense of morality, the pictures violate public sensitivity and ethics. The purpose of the pictures a nd the intent of the people who took them therefore become questionable. These images where clearly not meant for an audience, but then, why take them in the first place? Did Private England and her cohorts need a remembrance of how they were once part of the violation and abuse of the Iraqui prisoners?Upon analysis, the pictures are not only proof of the lack of ethics and sensitivity of the soldiers but also signify a deeper perversion. The abuse of the prisoners, supposedly meant to prime them for interrogation by intelligence personnel, show the ugly characteristic of power play wherein the abusers took freedom upon their prisoners because of their perceived dominant position.Their main intent is to degrade the prisoners, to strip away their dignity as human beings, and to show them that they are powerless beneath the abusers’ hands. The pictures, then, are part of the ritual of abuse. By exposing the private parts of the prisoner and capturing the moment forever on film or on video, the perpetrators are breaking the person’s will, reducing him or her into an object.Unfortunately, the acts of the American soldiers reflect the corruption of the entire U.S. military. Hersh (2004) observes that the Abu Ghraib incidents occurred not only because of poor leadership from the direct commanding officer but because of the lack of accountability in the military’s chain of command.Moreover, the incidents are an indication not only of the failure of the United States Army but also of American ideals and society to instill respect for human rights and human dignity among its members. It is a great shame and a devastating blow for the world’s superpower and the supposed protector of Democracy, to be associated with blatant acts of human rights violations.It is in this aspect that the world will continue to be haunted by the images of prisoners from Abu Ghraib. For the people will always remember how Private England smiled and gave a thumbs up sign for the camera while other human beings were being treated as animals in the foreground. Indeed, the torture and abuse of Iraqui prisoners are symptoms of the breakdown of humanity; the images of the grinning the soldiers will therefore serve as a haunting reminder of the capacity of humans for boundless inhumanity.Works Cited:Hersh, Simon R. Torture at Abu Ghraib. 10 May 2004. The New Yorker. 31 March 2008. http:// www.newyorker.com/archive/2004/05/10/040510fa_fact

Analysis Of Jane Eyre s The Madwoman s The Attic Essays Jane Ey

On the surface Bertha’s existence is seen as an obstacle to Jane’s happiness with Rochester and a scandalous secret shame of Rochester’s. A closer examination of Bertha’s circumstances and how she came to be at Thornfield can conclude that her madness is simply product of being alleviated of both her wealth and independence in the male-dominated society of Victorian England. Her regression into a madwoman due in part to her confinement is carefully surmised from Jane’s first impression her when she is i... ...of the Victorian era and perhaps, in some ways, by having such a placid protagonist and a passionate minor antagonist could be reflective of the authors own conflict between submissiveness and rage. The madwoman in the attic, a phrase employed by theorists Gilbert and Gubar (Donaldson, 2002) as they developed an argument about what exactly the â€Å"Madwoman in the Attic† represented. Perhaps she embodied all the pain and rage that the author of the text felt. One can be locked away, hidden, diagnosed as mad, however, you cannot ignore the intensity of her character: her hardheartedness, sexual potency and mind make her an unforgettable character. Instead of doing away with such a burden of a person the character chooses to end her own life. If the madwoman in the attic was reflective of Bronte herself what might it mean for her to kill off her fictional passionate self?

Labor relations assignment 6 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Labor relations assignment 6 - Essay Example The unions are used to represent the employees so as to achieve a lot of benefits both in the public and private sectors as a whole. The labor movements have made many countries to stabilize their economy and improve the living standards of their citizens. The labor movements concern is the general welfare and the interest of the public. The labor movements look at the employee wage, hours worked, working conditions regardless of whether the workers are working for the private or public sector within the same geographical area or in the same industry. This paper will discuss the similarities and differences between collective bargaining in the private and public sector. Differences between private and public sectors The major difference between public and private sectors in collective bargaining and decision making is that in public sectors decision making is decentralized and negotiations are conducted on a single employer. That is, in the public sector they have to involve a variet y of government officials in collective bargaining on the firm and the individuals must have authority in a particular issue while in the private sector they have to involve the government to intervene and asses the situation and from that point a collective bargaining can start. ... eir leaders to dialogue on behalf of other employees and sometimes they will not consort them making them to feel dissatisfied with the labor movements while in the private sector bargaining issues are brought to the bargaining table and both the labor and the management are given chance to work out the solution and agreements are made. The third difference between public and private sector in term of strike is that in the public sector, strikes are illegal. If the demands of workers were not met they have to look for other means, if strike is to be conducted, a firm must appeal to the court first so as to be declared legal while in the private sector whenever the employee is not dissatisfied with the working condition he or she may call for a strike since strike in private sector is legal. In many countries before one calls for a mass protest, the firm must pass the right channel by involving the court to declare whether to strike or not, but in many circumstances the court mostly p ostpones the strike. The legal frame work in public sector must be followed accordingly since government entities such as hospital and schools are guaranteed to everybody and the entities are supposed to be opened at normal working hours and closed within the stipulated time as per the constitutional framework. While in the private sector no legal framework is followed to stipulate their working condition and hours worked in the firm. The management of a firm is the one to decide the extra and normal working days. Finally, in private and public sectors the nature of services offered to individuals differ a lot, since a private sector is viewed as a profit making body it has to offer high quality services to individuals, while the public sector will only offer moderate services since it is

Poem and Story Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Poem and Story Analysis - Essay Example The poem clearly shows the lack of trust for males as they’re presented as the merciless cop who is always willing, in fact ready to destroy anything which comes in its path. Like Adrienne Rich presented Men in her poem, Susan Glaspell presents this half of the society very similarly in her story ‘Jury of Her Peers’. The story basically revolves around a woman and her husband who is a sheriff (just like Adrienne Rich, who presented men as cops in her poem) and is presented as an authoritative and a proud person who gives no value to women in his life. The sheriff is presented as a person who treats women as a third class member of the society and treats them wrong, both morally and ethically. Just like in the poem described above, women are again presented as a victim of this brutality and are mainly innocent. Both, the story and the poem presented one of the major problems of our society which is women being ill treated by men in many societies and cultures around the world. The writers in both the writings have presented men as cops which showed them in an authoritative position where they were able to do anything and everything, whereas women on the other hand were presented as the ones who have been suffering all the time. Both the pieces of writings are great indeed as they raised a question on our so called advanced society and pointed out the places where we still need

Risk management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Risk management - Essay Example This report will focus on the different types of yield curves and how changes in the slope of yield curve impacts the future prospects of the economy. Further, it will also take into consideration the effectiveness of monetary policy responses in the time of financial crisis and how those responses have affected the shape of the yield curve. Table of Contents Executive Summary 2 Table of Contents 3 Introduction 4 Task 1: To Examine the Types of Yield Curve 4 Task 2: Impact of Yield Curve on Future Economic Prospect 6 Task 3: Effectiveness of Monetary Policy 9 Task 4: Implication for Investor and Policy makers 10 Conclusion 10 Appendices 11 Reference 13 Introduction A yield curve is referred to the graphical representation of the relationship among the yield on a group of securities for different maturities. It explains how interest rates differ with the term to maturity (Burton, Burton and Nesiba, 2010, p.115). The yield curve has too much information about the economic conditions an d the future interest rates. In U.S. the benchmark interest rate last recorded was at 0.25%. Federal Reserve reports the interest rates in U.S. Historically, from 1971 to 2013, the interest rate of U.S. averaged 6.17 % and recorded a high of 20% in March 1980 and a low of 0.25% in December 2008. Interest rate changes depend not only on what Federal Reserve does today or next year but also on perception of the people about the goals and reliability of the monetary authority. In U.S. the monetary policy is determined by the Federal Reserve. The goals and the associated expectations depends on the arrangement of the monetary policy (Haubrich, 2004, p.1). The yield curve is used by the investors to understand the future prospects of economic activities. Task 1: To Examine the Types of Yield Curve The structure of interest rates can be characterized by a graph which shows the relationship between the yields to maturity as a function of term to maturity. Such a graph is termed as yield cu rve. There are four different types of yield curve for U.S. Treasury securities such as normal yield curve or upward sloping yield curve, inverted yield curve or downward sloping yield curve, flat yield curve and humped yield curve. There are two theories which are used to explain the shapes of yield curves. The pure expectation theory reflects the current expectation of the future rates of the market and the market segmentation theory signifies that the shape of yield curve is established by demand for and supply of securities within each maturity sector. In normal yield curve long term rates are high in position than short term rates. The securities with longest maturity provide the highest returns and the shortest maturity securities provide lowest returns. Generally it is upward sloping. The normal yield curve signifies the normal conditions of the capital markets. It presents the borrowers with the risk-return trade-off (Droms and Wright, 2010, pp.144-145). It entails that the investors of the U.S. expect growth in the economy in the future and for this growth to lead to higher interest rates and higher inflation. They don’t purchase longer term securities without receiving a higher interest r

Research Diary 5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Research Diary 5 - Essay Example I therefore, think that by correctly addressing the letter and using language that is non-offending and is able to send the desired message are important principles of writing business letters. Using rhetoric approach in business writing has emerged as critical issue because it exploits the tenets of human psychology to ensure that the basic purpose of writing business letter is accomplished with high success. Rhetoric enables individuals to use persuasive language that adds to the effectiveness of written discourse. According to Aristotle, the three appeals of rhetoric are ethos, pathos and logos (2011). Ethos conveys writer’s credibility, pathos appeals emotionally and logos use rationalization to emphasize their points. The three paradigms of writing are therefore vital ingredients that significantly lend credibility to the writer and the written discourse. Consequently, business writing exploits rhetoric principles to communicate effectively one’s intended message to persuade the reader and exhort desired response. These are essential benefits of rhetoric approach in business writing. The various methods of persuasion become highly crucial imperatives as they tend to provide information and send appeal in manner that clearly rationalizes the issues so that reader is convinced. If the business letter lacks conviction and strong logical explanations, the reader is not able to understand the points raised and fails to respond appropriately or as desired. Thus, the very purpose of writing business letter fails and writer is not able to achieve his/her goal. As such, effective business writing becomes important for communicating the desired message in manner that requires least effort in understanding the core issue by the reader/ audience. The success of project completion relies heavily on effective teamwork and strong communication channels within team members.

Assessment 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Assessment 3 - Essay Example Both sets of findings were evaluated using perceptual maps. High taste will reflect the high quality and high entertainment is intended to serve as an excitement factor besides communicability to help maintain high customer satisfaction. Initially, the likely early adopters will be targeted specifically to ensure a successful start. Their traits are also identified in the report, and the brand name is justified. Recommendations are then given to address a number of possible issues that may arise and in anticipation of opportunities for learning. This report details the business launch strategy for the product identified in assessment 2 collectively referred to by the Conversations brand name. The ideas gathered earlier are now developed into a virtual product ready for launching. The aim is to have an enhanced understanding of all the elements necessary to make the launch successful and to ensure that this success transpires. This strategy could have been approached by means of a product launch checklist but this does not always prove to be effective (Daniels, n.d.). Therefore the goals, readiness and constraints are presented in the form of this report. In consideration are the areas (in terms of product qualities) in which demand can most likely be created, the potential competitive advantage, the target market, and suitable product characteristics. The positioning statement is also defined, and the chosen brand name is justified. The following areas are therefore covered in this report: Recommendations are also made to deal with possible problems arising. The detailed planning could then ease the task of strategic marketing to ensure the launch is successful and that Conversations becomes a well-established brand in Australia. The marketing strategy usually poses the most significant challenge for all types of companies (Jain & Haley, 2009: 27), so the usefulness of this report extends beyond simply

Financial system Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Financial system - Assignment Example rough taxation of the various economic activities and in turn providing essential services such as health care, public mortgages affordable, education, and defense. The governments are always not taxing directly, but their presence if often felt through the regulatory concept that they execute in areas such as licensing, wage bill, foreign ownership, and safety of products. The concept of macroeconomics often focuses on the details in the market for particular goods and services instead of the economic principles such as unemployment, economic growth, total output, and inflation. The macroeconomic policy divides the economy into monetary policy and fiscal policy. Fiscal policy refers to the set of decisions that the government makes in consideration of spending, taxation, and spending. There are various dimensions for the government’s fiscal policy specifically at the central level because revenue can be earned through various kinds of taxes and it can occur on infinite products in separate geographic regions aiming at different beneficiaries (Fender, 2012). Monetary policy refers to the collection of decisions that a government make through the central bank of state concerning the issue of the amount of money that circulates within the economy. In Canada, the monetary policy is done through the adjustment of very short- term interest rates in order to achieve a rate of monetary expansion. This depends on the maintenance of a minimum and stable rate of inflation. The monetary policy is operated by the bank of Canada. A major corporation of crown is under the supervision of the government. Therefore, there is a considerable independence from the central government but not a major issue in the legislative context. Since the financial capital can flow easily and smoothly within the state of Canada, the interest rates on the same assets are constant across all different geographic regions in Canada. This has eventually made an outcome of one financial policy or

Is abortion ethical Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Is abortion ethical - Essay Example The controversial issue of abortion today is no longer a precept. Abortion is not something that has begun to perform today, although it has increased over time and the worldwide legalization. There are many methods of abortion that vary by week of gestation. However, all lead to the same end result in death of the unborn. One method is not necessarily better than another; it may simply be less risky for women. However, the problem of abortion is engaged in a great ideological and religious controversy that is based on recognition and values not applicable to the social reality of women's lives today. Thus, ethical, moral, philosophical and religious serve to reflect and evaluate these values, adapted to the current context, as well as serve as a guide to legislative action to moral problems. What is abortion? Abortion is a medical process which takes place to terminate a pregnancy so that the baby is not born. It is sometimes known as a ‘termination’ or a termination pr egnancy. A pregnancy can be ended by taking medications or having surgical procedure. This is usually done by those women who do not want a child or are not physically fit to give birth to a baby which can even be life threatening for them. However, abortion is considered unethical by many because they think that the mother is killing her own child. Though there may be a number of reasons that a woman would like to have an abortion. An abortion that is carried out to save the life of a pregnant woman is medically referred to as a therapeutic abortion which can save the woman from physical or mental harm. A pregnancy is also terminated when there are chances that the child will have a premature birth or will be disabled for life. If the woman requests to have an abortion for non-medical reason then it will be referred to as an elective or voluntary abortion (Smeltzer, Bare, Hinkle, & Cheever, 2010 ). For abortion to be carried out the abdomen needs to be subjected to a trauma. Howeve r, if the trauma force is way too much it is possible that serious internal injuries may result and miscarriage may or may not be successful. It is the process of abortion that determines how risky it may end up to be. The World Health Organization has stated that unsafe abortions were carried out by unskilled doctors using dangerous and unhygienic equipment. If abortions are performed properly in a skilled manner, they are the safest procedure in medicine. Abortion can lead to maternal death but the risk is quite low – about 0.6 every 100,000 procedures in the US (Parker & Sommer, 2010). This means that abortion is 14 times safer than childbirth (8.8 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births). Abortion is more risky if the gestational age is more; however, it is still less than childbirth through around 21 week’s gestation. Adverse effects of abortion Like any other clinical procedures, abortion is not risk free. There can be negative results of abortion. For instance, an abortion can be incomplete. This means that all the products of pregnancy may not be removed during the abortion (Mogotlane, 2005). This problem is faced in less than 2 of the 100 abortions that take place. The retained products can cause bleeding, cramping or infection in the uterus of the patient. If any tissue is left

The contribution of the Key people Essay Example for Free

The contribution of the Key people Essay With reference to at least two different areas of study, discuss the contribution of the Key people, Movements, or traditions to the concept/theme of faith. The Oxford English dictionary defines faith as, complete trust, an unquestioning confidence. Many people, in defining faith, speak about believing in the impossible or trusting in something/someone without proof. As Watton states, Faith is our attitude in the presence of someone, or some event, whose goodness and greatness is greater than we can fully grasp, describe or explain. According to Michael P Gallagher, Faith is a gift of god a human yes of recognition spoken to a divine yes of love. Faith is about a journey, and a quest. A search for truth and meaning. Within the 2 areas of study- the theology of Luke and the Celtic Church and its missionary outreach in the 5th, 6th and 7th centuries, I will examine the concept of faith in relation to key people. I am also going to look at the religious theme surrounding faith-universality. In both Lukes gospel and the Celtic Church a number of key people are called to faith, to leave their old life and join Jesus in a new life of faith. In Lukes gospel, one key person who is called to faith is Simon. Jesus, in the call of the first fishermen asked the disciples to put out their boats. They did as Jesus commanded and a great catch of fish occurs. Simon falls to his knees and said, Depart from me Lord for I am a sinful man. Simons response is like that of Patrick who also bowed down in humility. He is shown as one with great faith and as a key person in Lukes gospel as he left his nets and followed Jesus. Likewise, as in Lukes Gospel we see that Simon arises as a key person who is called to a life of faith, so too in the Celtic Church Patrick emerges as a key person in responding faithfully to Gods call. Patrick was a nominal Christian who found God similar to the call Simon. Patrick was also aware of his sinfulness. I, Patrick, a sinneram to advert to my sins and turn whole heartedly to the Lord my God. In reflection, both Simon, and Patrick are faithful believers and key people in the theme of faith. As Simon is called by God to be a universal Saviour, Patrick too received this call and answers it by in turn calling all sections of Irish society to faith in Christ- I am going to the ends of the earth. Furthermore, for the key people in Lukes gospel and the Celtic Church, the call to faith involves a ministry. A group of key people in Lukes gospel are the 72 disciples. They are central examples of faith and are key people in carrying out Jesus mission. The mission of the 72 was to be a universal one. Luke continually underlines the disciples attempt throughout their ministry to bring salvation and faith to all Jesus taught. It was their work which led to the spread of the Christian faith. Similarly, in the Celtic Church, CB surfaces as a key person in spreading the faith. CB was also called to be a universal saviour and inspired many followers- he had to found a 3rd monastery in Fontaines due to the popularity. He worked with great energy for 24 years bringing people to faith in France, Switzerland, and Italy. His influence continued for centuries after his death as those he converted to faith now handed on the faith. The brothers he taught evangelised untold numbers and founded over 100 monasteries to protect learning and spread the faith. Thus, within the 2 areas of study, faith involved a ministry for the key people, in this case for the disciples in Lukes gospel and for the Celtic Church in the form of CB. Furthermore, it becomes apparent in reading both Lukes Gospel and the Celtic Church that faith involved opposition and difficulty. To follow the Lords conversion to faith involves sacrifice of family, jobs, security, and is fraught with many difficulties. In Lukes gospel, all key people encountered difficulties and opposition to their faith. The widows mite is one example of how faith is very costly. Jesus noticed the widow putting in 2 small coins and he said, I tell you that this poor widow has put in more than all the rest; she has offered her whole livelihood. This was an example of her total faith in God. It is also evident that the faith of key people within the Celtic Church also involved a huge cost. As the poor widow gave up all her possessions, so too were the monks in the early Irish Church expected to take vows of poverty and renunciation. Colmcille turned his back on his distinguished background, and travelled to Iona wishing to be a pilgrim for Christ. This demonstrates his total faith and obedience in Christ. It is therefore evident that faith involves opposition, difficulties, and conflict. Just as the widow encountered the cost of discipleship in Luke, so too did Colmcille face difficulties to his faith in the Celtic Church. Moreover, it becomes apparent that women, in both Lukes Gospel and the Celtic Church, were key figures. As Powell states, women figure more prominently in this book than anywhere else in the New Testament. Mary received a call to faith from God through a personal messenger. Her faith is explicitly shown in the magnificant. Mary responded faithfully to the request. Women in the Celtic Church are also shown to be key figures. Just as Mary displayed a great trust in God in becoming his handmaid, Bridget too answered her call in accepting the veil. She saw her call to faith as strengthening the church in Ireland. One way she did this was by building a double monastery at Kildare in order to bring people to faith. However the female disciples also encounter difficulties in their faith. They are seen as 2nd class citizens and often faced opposition. The widow at Nain for example was classed as an outcast because she had no male representative. Likewise Bridgit encountered opposition from her father in deciding to dedicate her life to God. Finally, it seems apparent that key people, both in Luke, and the Celtic Church are further demanded to show mercy and forgiveness as a way of bringing others back to faith in God. Jesus illustrates this demand to his disciples many times. The parables of the lost show Gods eagerness to bring people back to the faith. The disciples are to forgive others 7 times 70, forgiveness should be unlimited. Likewise, Patrick stands out as a key person in the Celtic Church who has obeyed Gods demand of mercy. Patricks letter to Corocticus illustrates his willingness to forgive even at the last minute before death. So, in reflection, it is evident that for the key people, both in the Celtic Church and in Lukes gospel, a life of faith involved many demands. In conclusion, the concept of faith is an important issue both in Lukes gospel and the Celtic Church. Jesus was the faithful believer who inspired faith in key people like Mary, the 72 disciples, and the first fishermen. Faith was also integral to the lives of the saints and the missionaries of the Celtic Church. Faith in Luke and the Celtic Church involved a call to faith, a ministry of faith, and opposition to faith. Many key women in Luke and the Celtic Church also exhibited faith. The concept of faith also has relevance for human experience today.

Peru Essay Example for Free

Peru Essay The country of Peru is entrenched in a colourful history of wonder and innovation. This South American country has a diverse array of cultures, lands, foods and languages amoung other distinct and unique attractions. Peru is best known for its Incan mystical historic site, Machu Picchu and the Nazca Lines. Peru also consists of the world’s highest navigable lake, Lake Titicaca which it shares with Bolivia. Despite Peru’s large pallet of exclusive appeals however, it does have internal problems in relation with its socio-economic realm; which has hindered its advancement as a society in many ways. Some problems in Peru revolve around poverty, a growing gap in inequality, and extreme debt to foreign corporations and organization such as the International Monetary Fund. Due to these problems and many others Peru remains a developing nation. This report will consist of four sections that will fully explore Peru and its people. The four sections are geography, society, economy, and the political system of Peru. Geography: Peru as a whole has an area of 1,285,216 km? in its territory. The countries of Ecuador (1,529 km border) and Colombia (1,506 km) border Peru to the north, while Brazil (border 2,822 km) and Bolivia (1,047 km) border Peru to the east. Chile (border 169 km) and Bolivia also border Peru to the south. Peru’s landscape can be best classified by three distinct regions. These regions are made up of a coastal region running parallel to the Pacific Ocean sea line, the highlands (the Andes), and the Eastern lowlands more specifically the jungle (the Amazon). Each section is distinct in its own characteristics which make Peru a diverse country. The coastal region of Peru houses Peru’s capital Lima amoung other large cities (such as Trujillo, and Chiclayo). This region is paramount for aquatic life and rich in gorgeous beaches. The highland region of Peru contains the Andes Mountains. This region is most known for the city of Cuzco (the highest above sea level city in the world). The land located there is also rich in valuable minerals (such as gold, copper, silver, gold, petroleum, iron ore, coal, phosphate, potash which in turn has attracted a lot of corporations) . This region is also known for Machu Picchu, which is a historic landmark where the nobles and kings of the Incan empire once lived (the indigenous Peruvians). This site is also considered to be a mystical spot, a centre of worship, and an astronomic observatory for the Incas that have attracted a lot of tourists . Along the slopes of this region also lies the Altiplano plateau (a dry basin). This region more specifically is located near southeastern Peru. This section also borders Chile and is known for the Atacama Desert (the driest place on earth). In this desert located between the coastal region and the Andes lies Nazca. This land is also very famous for its ‘Nazca lines’. These lines are massive imprints of animal figures and other designs stretching across the desert which have remained there for centuries. To the East of Peru lies a massive tropical jungle named the Amazon Forest (the biggest in the world, it is as large as Western Europe or the whole of the US) . The Amazonian forest is the habitat of thousands of different species of animals and plants. It also is famous for medicines found there. The Amazon also contains one of the biggest rivers in the world named the Amazon River ‘its length lies anywhere between 6,259 km (3,889 miles) and 6,800 km (4,225 miles). It has over 1,000 tributaries, 8 of which are over 2,000 kilometers’ . To the very South of Peru integrated with Bolivia is Lake Titicaca (the highest navigable above sea level lake in the world) . Geographically Peru is very rich in resources and beauty, but for that same reason Peru faces significant environmental and political consequences. Some problems associated with Peru and its land is deforestation (some the result of illegal logging mostly in the Amazon regions); overgrazing of the slopes of the costal region and highland region leading to soil erosion; desertification; and other hazards such as air pollution especially in Lima; pollution of rivers and coastal waters from municipal and mining wastes . These problems have greatly limited Peru from retaining a healthy and secure environment for its citizens. Despite Peru’s problems with its environment, the majority of the Peruvian society cannot be completely held responsible. There are issues (such as powerful politicians and foreign investors) which greatly deprive Peruvian citizens from having the ability to truly govern themselves. Society: Peruvian society is highly stratified between the rich and the poor. Peru’s total population consists of 27,167,000 inhabitants. 71% of which subsists in urban areas while 29% of Peru’s total population lives in rural areas. There is a distinct difference in quality of life between the Peruvians who live in urban areas versus the people who live in rural areas (which is predominately poorer). Peru’s ethnicities are mainly divided by Amerindian 45%, mestizo (mixed Amerindian and white) 37%, white 15%, black, Japanese, Chinese, and other 3%. The official languages of Peru are Spanish (official), Quechua (official, spoken by the indigenous), and Aymara. The Spanish language in Peru is predominately used due to Peru’s history of colonization by Spain during the 1520s. Also because of the colonization of Peru, 90% of the Peruvian population is Roman Catholic. Peru in terms of specific characteristics of their overall population is quite common for a third world. According to the World Bank the average life expectancy for a Peruvian citizen is seven one years old. According to the World Health Organization, the life expectancy for most males in Peru is sixty-eight years old. While for females seventy-three years old is the most common age of death. The World Health Organization also explains that in Peru child mortality rates per thousand people are thirty-six for males and thirty-two for females; and for adults it is one-hundred and ninety-three for males, and one-hundred and thirty-three for females. Uncommon however to most third world countries, Peru’s literacy rates above the age of fifteen who can read and write for all of Peru’s population is 88% (95. 2% for males, and 86. 8% for females). For the most part, Peru’s social situation is extremely interconnected with Peru’s economy and its division of power. Economy: Peru’s economy is very dependent on foreign investment and aid. Like most developing nations, Peru is rich in natural resources, but poor in efficiency in retaining economic sovereignty in relation to the international market. Peru is heavily into debt with foreign corporations. According to the World Bank, as of 2006 Peru’s total debt per GDP was 30. 2 billion dollars US. According to the same source Peru’s total debt in service and exports as of 2006 was 12. 9 billion dollars US. This massive debt that Peru is chained to drastically diminishes Peru’s ability to have true sovereignty and the ability to provide the best interests for its people. For this reason 11% of Peru’s population lives below one dollar US per day (1995-2005) . But although a lot of Peruvians live in poverty, the country’s economic growth rate has been going up. It was said by Peru’s â€Å"Economy and Finance Minister Luis Carranza †¦ that Peru’s 2007 economic growth was 8. 3 percent, the highest since 1994† . This ironic actuality exposes the degree of inequality in Peru. If the nation itself seems to be improving, then so should the conditions of its people; but this is not true in this case. From a purely economics standpoint the World Bank dictates that Peru’s annual average annual growth of GDP per capita was 7. % in 2007. The World Bank also states that Peru’s main economic centers and industries are set up as follows: By percent of GDP, Peru’s agriculture sector is 6. 3%, the industry sector is 35. 2%, the manufacturing sector 15. 1% and Peru’s biggest sector being services accounts for 58. 5%. To give a better idea of what Peru offers to the international market in terms of exports, Peru is ‘the worlds leading silver producer and ranks second in copper and zinc†¦ Among other products, Peru is a global supplier of asparagus, fish, grapes, and organic bananas’ . These statistics show that Peru does have the ability to compete in the international market if it could set its own prices for the goods it exports and if it were not in debt to international organizations. But because Peru must oblige to institutions such as the International Monetary Fund, World Bank, and World Trade Organization, Peru has no chance of removing the shackles of foreign power. Political System: Peru politically is a republic and contains a multi-party system that sponsors a president. The capital of Peru is Lima, and it is here where the President of Peru Mr. Alan Garcia Perez situates his reign . The major political parties in Peru are the Peruvian Aprista Party or PAP (Alan Garcia Perez is the leader of this party); the Independent Moralizing Front or FIM; the National Unity (Unidad Nacional) or UN; Peru Posible or PP; Popular Action or AP; Solucion Popular; Somos Peru or SP; and the Union for Peru or UPP. Peru has a democratic system where a president is elected through a party. The government similar to the North is divided into three branches the Executive, the Legislative made up by 120 members of the Congress who are elected for a five year-period; and the Judiciary, made up by the Supreme Court. Peru politically is in turmoil with its people. There are many groups such as the Sendero Luminoso (Shining Path) who oppose the neo-liberal type of government in Peru. Peru does have free democratic elects but history has shown in Peru (especially with president Fujimori) that most politicians have become corrupt and weak to foreign influences (especially the USA). To conclude the Peruvian people need to come together to conquer the influence of Western capitalism, inequality, and the rule of the elites in Peru. If Peru ever wishes to become truly independent and fair for all its citizens it must break off ties with dominating international organizations and nationalize a lot of its markets. Only when Peru is free of debt and agreements which favor the wealthy of Peru instead of all of its citizens will Peru find true development. Peru must utilize its vast amount of resources to help all of its citizens not just the elite.

Buoyancy of an Orange: Analysis

Buoyancy of an Orange: Analysis Joseph Wong Brendan Mullins Nathan Shoemaker Mike Dorazio Abdul Aldualeg Guillermo Venancio Buoyancy is the upward force from the water needed to stay afloat. Since pressure increases with depth, there is a higher pressure and the bottom of the volume of fluid than the top. The pressure difference results in a net force that will accelerate an object upward. The magnitude of the force is proportional to the pressure difference and is equal to the weight of the displaced fluid, which is a property explained in Archimedes’ Principle. The first person to realize a concept that related to buoyant forces was Archimedes. Archimedes stated the basic concept of buoyant forces in his famous Archimedes’ Principle, which states that the weight of the fluid that anybody displaces when submerged either partially or fully, is equal to the buoyant force exerted on said body. This buoyant force is what allows any object to float on the surface of any liquid as long as the buoyant force is large enough of counter the weight of the object; otherwise, it will sink. A good example of this principle is a floating aircraft carrier. Although the ship is made out of heavy steel, it is constructed so that there is a large amount of open space in it to stay afloat. In addition, what determines whether the object is heavier than the buoyant force is its density. Density, by definition, is the mass of the object per unit volume that the object takes up and is denoted by the Greek letter Ï  (rho). Since the buoyant force is equal to the weight of the water displaced by the object, if the submerged object is denser than the water, it will sink because it has a greater weight than the water displaced. In this experiment, we test this theory buy using a common orange. One can think of the peel of an orange like a life jacket that might keep you afloat while in the river. The density indicates how close the atoms of the object are packed together. In the case of an orange, the atoms of the peel are not packed near as closely as the actual fruit, causing it to float when the unpeeled orange is placed in the water. This project involves two oranges, weighing approximately 0.49 pounds each. When dropped in water, it can be observed that both oranges float when they are unpeeled. In an orange, the peel is a spongy material and has tiny pockets of air, which makes the density of orange less than the density of the water, in turn, causing it to float. When the second orange is peeled and dropped in water, it sinks to the bottom of the container. This simple experiment is a great way to demonstrate buoyancy and density. The orange is enclosed in a porous rind, which has a spongy look and feel and contains air pockets, which help to provide buoyancy to the floating orange. When the unpeeled orange is put into the water then the air pockets of the rind fill themselves with air, the submerged orange is activated as a life jacket, the orange is saved from drowning into the water, and it floats on the surface. The similar concept is used in the life jackets, which help the humans to stay afloat in the waters. All the people riding on the boats or travelling in the sea are educated and advised to have a Personal Floating Device (PFD) with them so that in case of emergencies they can be save d from any kind of mishap. It is very interesting to note here that most of the deaths that occur on the waters are not far away from the shore but they occur quite near the shore, on the inland waters within a radius of about a 50 m from the shore due to the sheer negligence of the swimmers because of their insistence on not wearing a life jacket. The thing to note here is that the efficiency and the coverage of the state on the waters is so amazing that the state does not allow any passenger on the waters to stay on board without a life jacket. There is an exemption to the passengers if they are staying in the cabin or any other closed place on a boat. The state offers a guidebook for the travelers and the passengers on the waters and it clearly states and advises the presence and wearing life jackets so no loss of any kind or any other harm can take place. So, what is in a life jacket that it has become a serious part of any passenger’s life that commences his trip on the waters? The life jacket provides the extra buoyancy needed for the person to stay afloat and save himself from drowning. The life jacket is filled with air on the inner side, which helps to control the relationship b/w the buoyant force and that of the person floating. It helps to carry the weight of the person floating above the water so that his or her weight does not become a serious concern and drowns the person. Gone are the times when one would have to wear inflated life jackets that were also heavy and bulky and were also a problem for the person to wear and be comfortable with it, with each passing day the scientists are very much concerned about the welfare and well-being of the people so they are developing new up to the mark jackets that are easy to wear, inflate themselves in water, are very comfortable with huge arm outlets to ease the movement in the waters. Nowadays one has to ensure the presence of different personal floating devices for different purposes i.e. for inland water use, for staying on board, for float purposes. The life jacket is not a fit for all object, it is to be chosen for people of different ages and sizes. It provides inflation according to the buoyant force needed for the person to stay afloat. One of the biggest advantages of having a life jacket is that it comes in shiny colors that are visible for the rescue staff and it is easier for them to save the drowning or in danger person. On board staff are advised to have some floating aid for the people drowning in the waters so that they can provide support to them in the hour of need and can save a human life with the instant aid. The state ensures that all the people must have some sort of floating aid and for that, the lifeguards as well as the coast guards are advised to ensure the usage of the life jackets and their presence on the boat. Caring about the life jacket is a very important part. The life jacket that is not in a good shape and is torn or have some cuts on it can be of great danger to the user as it can cause the drowning so the life jacket must be properly checked and it should be ensured that they work properly before someone takes a dive into the waters. The safety of the person depends a lot on the reliability of the device that is being employed to save the person from drowning. The basic thing needed for the proper use of the life jackets and their importance in saving the lives of many is conveying the proper education and information to the people on board and to those venturing the waters for any reason whatsoever. The lifeguards and the coast guards should give proper lessons to all the people around the waters. They should arrange a session for all the people that are new to the waters so that their lives can be saved by just a simple precaution of wearing a life jacket. It is easier to save so many just by educating them because every life matters. It can be summarized as the buoyant force generated in case of an orange residing on the surface of the water is basically given by the rind of the fruit which has air pockets and when the fruit is submerged into the water then air pockets are full and the necessary buoyant force is applicable to the weight of the orange and it stays afloat. Life jackets are a useful part of the people travelling on shore and it has to stay with them in the hour of need so that they can save themselves from any difficulty on staying above water or any other danger of drowning. There should be education concerning the proper use of the personal assistance device which helps is saving lives. In addition, the people associated with the business should be given proper instruction to ensure the use of the device. Sources: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buoyancy http://adventure.howstuffworks.com/outdoor-activities/water-sports/life-jacket1.htm http://www.ehow.com/info_12045878_science-projects-kids-floating-oranges.html

The Good Earth in relation to food and culture :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The following in a report on the themes and action of The Good Earth by Pearl S. Buck as it relates to food and culture. This novel tells the story of Wang Lung. He is a man who rises from being a poor farmer to a very wealthy man because of his faith in the good earth. In the beginning of the story Wang Lung tries to see as little water as possible because he feels safest with his land under his feet. His family is very poor so he must feed his father corn gruel and tea. Wang Lung needs a wife so saves up the little money he has and buys a woman who is a slave named O-lan. O-lan is sold to Wang Lung so she can take care of the home, cooking and bear children. Wang Lung is disappointed when he first sees O-lan because she does not have bound feet which was a desirable quality at that time but he does enjoy when O-lan has the food ready when he comes in a night from the land. Wang Lung is very proud when O-lan makes cakes that no one else in the village knows how to makes and when his family comes to feast for the new year at their house. As a humble farmer Wang Lung always pay his respects to the figures of the Earth god and his mistress when he passes. Wang Lung’s love for the earth is the chief driving force in his life. It is also the foundation of his family and the one he turns to when he has troubles. Land is a sign and a symbol to Wang Lung. When O-lan’s and Wang Lung’s first child is born they dye eggs red and distribute them to the village to shown their first born is a male. After a year of good rains Wang Lung begins to amass a good fortune so he hides the money that they make so people will not try to borrow it. Again, the produce from the year is good, and Wang Lung is able to hide more silver. He buy land from the great house in town and it is very fruitful, yielding more harvest than his own land. Now everyone in the village knows that Wang Lung is the owner of a piece of the Hwang land. His status rises in the village. The following year the rains don’t come and the land dries up. The Good Earth in relation to food and culture :: essays research papers   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The following in a report on the themes and action of The Good Earth by Pearl S. Buck as it relates to food and culture. This novel tells the story of Wang Lung. He is a man who rises from being a poor farmer to a very wealthy man because of his faith in the good earth. In the beginning of the story Wang Lung tries to see as little water as possible because he feels safest with his land under his feet. His family is very poor so he must feed his father corn gruel and tea. Wang Lung needs a wife so saves up the little money he has and buys a woman who is a slave named O-lan. O-lan is sold to Wang Lung so she can take care of the home, cooking and bear children. Wang Lung is disappointed when he first sees O-lan because she does not have bound feet which was a desirable quality at that time but he does enjoy when O-lan has the food ready when he comes in a night from the land. Wang Lung is very proud when O-lan makes cakes that no one else in the village knows how to makes and when his family comes to feast for the new year at their house. As a humble farmer Wang Lung always pay his respects to the figures of the Earth god and his mistress when he passes. Wang Lung’s love for the earth is the chief driving force in his life. It is also the foundation of his family and the one he turns to when he has troubles. Land is a sign and a symbol to Wang Lung. When O-lan’s and Wang Lung’s first child is born they dye eggs red and distribute them to the village to shown their first born is a male. After a year of good rains Wang Lung begins to amass a good fortune so he hides the money that they make so people will not try to borrow it. Again, the produce from the year is good, and Wang Lung is able to hide more silver. He buy land from the great house in town and it is very fruitful, yielding more harvest than his own land. Now everyone in the village knows that Wang Lung is the owner of a piece of the Hwang land. His status rises in the village. The following year the rains don’t come and the land dries up.

On the Way - Fiction :: Papers

On the Way - Fiction It was a cold windy night in the mid December of 1941. The snow was falling slowly down the footpath while George was walking home. He was wearing a his big brown coat and a brown hat. George lived in a small wooden house which be built by himself in the forest. George lived alone by himself since his parents left him. He was living away from the world and he didn't know what was happening around him, and he had no idea about the fascism which was in the grip of the world. He was a grown man and he could care for himself, but the loneliness was his problem. His only friends, Mr and Mrs Muller were living a few miles away from him. One day when George was in the forest hunting for food, he heard a women's scream and horses coming to him. George jumped into the bush next to him and waited. He pointed his gun to the direction where the noise was coming from. They were getting closer. Suddenly a Jewish women passed by being chased by two military men in horses. The woman was frightened to death for her life. One of the men in horses pointed his shotgun at her and shot her in the leg. "Should I leave her die here?", said the horseman. "No, she might come back to the city again. Lets finish her here and now!", answered the other horseman and pointed his gun into her head. George was frightened and terrified, he couldn't watch a woman being murdered in front of him. He fired to one of the evil person that was aiming to the poor woman and killed him. The other horseman ran, he was afraid for loosing his life. The girl was dressed like a tramp, with long brown dirty trousers, a sweater with ripped sleeves and old dirty shoes. George went out of the bush and asked the woman: "Who are you, why are they running after you?" The woman answered, "My name is Isabel.

Popularity - Writing To Reflect :: essays research papers

I want to talk about the thing that strives many teens have to be popular in schools. It seems as though that popularity is a main issue to teens. The need to feel accepted by others in order to be the center of attention, and the need to be distinguished greatly from everyone else is a strong force that exposes itself to nearly all teens at school. We spend most of our years at school, and begin well-known can almost seem to complete an emptyness that we feel. Popularity may not always in fact be as fulfilling as it may seem. I do agree that we all have the need to feel wanted yet when is enough, enough? Personally, I’ve seen many situations when the elevation of popularity brought upon many other issues. Popular students usally have to create a certain personality that is diverse from their own, and they must always have that particular personality all the time to keep up their prevalent focus from others. This can be usually seen as the popular athletic team captain or the optimistic cheerleader. During the process in becoming more recognized, some end up hurting others for their own means of reaching that point. I remember a time a few years back when I had a group of fairly close friends. We would always hang out with eachother and we would await the day at which we were to enter high school together. When we finally reached high school, there where now a whole new group of people that were older than I. I still had my group of friends, but gradually I started to lose one of them. My friend was going against my other schoolmate, and before I knew it I was hurling the same insults as they were. It was all part of a process; a process, I thought, was going to make me popular. I thought that if I could make someone look lower than I was, I would gain self-confidence and become more popular. As it turned out it was not the case. I had lost a good friend, all for a selfish reason to get a good reputaion at school. In the end I ended up only hurting myself. I couldn’t carry the baggage I had, knowing I had hurt someone who was close to me. There shouldn’t be a need to become popular, there may be a few benefits, but it never lasts for long.

Creative Writing

To one of in particular they were more important, he clung to them like they were his own personal treasures we never understood why until he no longer came to see us on the summers. Looking up to the sky filled with the three moons shining down on the water's edge with their dazzling rays of white, blue and green mixing into one of the water's surface. I looked beside me at my companions, my friends and our own family. They all stared up with the same expression as me, amazement. Pure and simple. It was unheard of, we never understood why or what was happening.Little did we know this night would change us for ever. There are five of us in total, me, my little sister Cherish, Julian, Ales and Sib. I'm the second older out of all of us, Sib being the first oldest at 13 years old, IM only a month younger than him myself. My name is Rain, with my long black hair and mature looking face, you'd think I was older however my immaturity gave me away often. Cherish is a year younger than but a lot smarter and kind, always helping those in need, you'd think she was my big sister not the other way around.Her long red curly hair she is by far the prettiest out of the two of us and also the favorite In the family. I don't let that bother me though because even though they look on their veils and she never let It Influence her opinion of me. For this she Is my best friend and my sister. Julian is on my right. He is the same age as Cherish just a week older than her in fact. He is our best friend from our home village, Haven. With his wits, careless semi, blond hair and glasses, he could be considered a â€Å"hot nerd† in Cherries words.She's ad a big crush on him forever and I myself don't see the appeal, he's Just Julian to me. Sadly, he never seems to notices her feelings even though he cares but never admits, I'm not going to tell them though. Next to Julian is Ales, we haven't known him very long only about two-three week at that time. He was moody and alone so Ch erish suggested we ask him to Join us, even though I was against It they went ahead anyway. No matter how much I didn't Like him he still stayed with the group.I eventually grew accustomed to his moodiness but still he aggravated me for some no understandable reason. Sib Is sat down In front of the water's edge actually totally casual about the whole situation. Sib is short for Sebastian but since I couldn't pronounce it he let me call in his own world and went at his own pace or so it seemed. We didn't know what happened until a couple months after the last summer. We never saw him again in person, but we all kept in touch through letters. Sib was to be the next lord of Brooklets, after that summer camp on his 13th he wasn't allowed to attend again.His father had decided to bring his training forward as he had grown ill. He wrote to us every chance he got though. Times have changed. I'm now 18 years old and I'm the only one standing here besides the water's edge, everyone has their own place where they belong. I know where I belong and it's right here, though I have to leave for a while. There is something important that I have to do, not Just for me, for all of us. We only hear from hear from Ales every couple of months which saddens me, he hardly talks about his life or what he's doing.Here I am alone, reading everyone's letters for the last time, the sun hitting the jack of my neck with full force, that I have to cover myself with my Jacket, I curl up and let the breeze whoosh around me calmly, bringing my knees up to my chin. I sigh and stand, looking around me one last time, the trees are dancing and the whole place is alive with music all Joyous. I will with all my might that this one place remains untouched from the horrors that are about to arise all around. I turn my back, and walk to my car, looking back over my shoulder once last time, thinking to myself. Where did it all go wrong and why are we in the middle of it? Creative writing Trapped I'm standing out the front of the world's scariest horror house, In universal Studios, Hollywood. Where I am about to enter through the entrance when my friend suggests that it's not a very good idea, but shrug and say what could possibly happen besides being scared half to death. We enter. It's dark, the walls feel close, there's an awful smell to the place, as If someone has died inside. I feel nervous because I don't know what's coming in the distance, and I have what feels like a hundred butterflies flying around in my stomach.I can feel the hairs on my arms and on the back of my neck beginning to rise. I am getting cold chills down my spine. My heart rate is increasing, I feel as though my heart is beginning to rise out of my chest. We walk through, a chucks doll appears out from the frame cut out of the wall, my heart skips a beat and I don't think much of it, it scares me a little and let out a scream, I think to myself this isn't so bad after all, I think I spoke to s oon.After that various horror film characters start Jumping out and appearing around corners as I alike through and I am beginning to freak out. Suddenly, I am cornered by what seems to be a very frightening clown. He has a large crack in his skull it seems to be as wide as the grand canyon, his face is all distorted and has open flesh wounds all over, his eyes are as black as the ace of spades, with black rings circling them, his outfit has been ripped and has blood all over it, his immense red nose is directly in front of mine.He seems to becoming closer and closer and I have no where else to go, so I crouch down and hope he'll disappear as non as I drop to the floor In fear, he finally backs away and I try and make a run for It so I can get out as fast as possible. I run as fast as possible but I have come too room full of mirrors, I'm disorientated, I feel as though the whole room is spinning around me and don't know which ways the way out, I start running towards the way I thin k is the exit but instead it's a mirror, I run directly at it.I hit it with such force. Everything turns too blur and starts going In slow motion as If was in a dream. I feel pain miming from my mouth, my tongue make's Its way to my two front teeth, but they don't feel Like teeth anymore, more like sharp razors In my mouth, In this split second of a moment I finally realize what has happened, I've knocked half of my two front teeth out, I hold out my hand, and there lies half a tooth in a pool of blood, I freak out.I start to panic and I start screaming, it's still pitch black inside, with hardly any light. People around me don't understand what's going on and they think I'm still scared, sees the blood pouring out of my nose and mouth and runs to get help. I continue screaming looking for a way out, I feel trapped, I feel claustrophobic, I'm in fear that another actor will come and frighten me, I bang on all the walls firmly pleading for someone to get me out, but it seems as thoug h no one is listening and I feel as though I'm on my own.I have never felt or experienced this sensation before, and I am terrified. My friend finally comes back with an amusement park worker to escort me out, I feel safe with her by my side telling me she'll get me out safely and that'll everything will be okay. Walking along the wall, a werewolf Jumps out and attempts to scare me and succeeds, the amusement park worker firmly yells out to him to stop and he realizes that something is seriously wrong he stops and backs away into his spot.I'm in so much shock, I start to scream even louder. In front of me I can see a crack of a bright white light and its increasingly getting larger and larger and within a blink, I am escorted out, I am finally out and feel a sense of relief, as though a ghostly presence has disappeared, although my legs give way and I can not hysterically stand any longer, I drop to the steps close by and remove my hands from my mouth and nose, my hands are bright r ed from all the blood that has poured out.At this point I am still screaming, it's a long, loud, piercing cry, I'm still in shock and can not believe what has Just happened, the worker hands me a handful of tissues and tells me to continue breathing. I am continuously screaming, with an endless flow of tears, I cry, with choking sobs, my eyes have gone red and puffy, my nose is still bleeding, blood seems to be flowing out. I have managed to calm myself down. I take a deep breath. Creative writing Trapped I'm standing out the front of the world's scariest horror house, In universal Studios, Hollywood. Where I am about to enter through the entrance when my friend suggests that it's not a very good idea, but shrug and say what could possibly happen besides being scared half to death. We enter. It's dark, the walls feel close, there's an awful smell to the place, as If someone has died inside. I feel nervous because I don't know what's coming in the distance, and I have what feels like a hundred butterflies flying around in my stomach.I can feel the hairs on my arms and on the back of my neck beginning to rise. I am getting cold chills down my spine. My heart rate is increasing, I feel as though my heart is beginning to rise out of my chest. We walk through, a chucks doll appears out from the frame cut out of the wall, my heart skips a beat and I don't think much of it, it scares me a little and let out a scream, I think to myself this isn't so bad after all, I think I spoke to s oon.After that various horror film characters start Jumping out and appearing around corners as I alike through and I am beginning to freak out. Suddenly, I am cornered by what seems to be a very frightening clown. He has a large crack in his skull it seems to be as wide as the grand canyon, his face is all distorted and has open flesh wounds all over, his eyes are as black as the ace of spades, with black rings circling them, his outfit has been ripped and has blood all over it, his immense red nose is directly in front of mine.He seems to becoming closer and closer and I have no where else to go, so I crouch down and hope he'll disappear as non as I drop to the floor In fear, he finally backs away and I try and make a run for It so I can get out as fast as possible. I run as fast as possible but I have come too room full of mirrors, I'm disorientated, I feel as though the whole room is spinning around me and don't know which ways the way out, I start running towards the way I thin k is the exit but instead it's a mirror, I run directly at it.I hit it with such force. Everything turns too blur and starts going In slow motion as If was in a dream. I feel pain miming from my mouth, my tongue make's Its way to my two front teeth, but they don't feel Like teeth anymore, more like sharp razors In my mouth, In this split second of a moment I finally realize what has happened, I've knocked half of my two front teeth out, I hold out my hand, and there lies half a tooth in a pool of blood, I freak out.I start to panic and I start screaming, it's still pitch black inside, with hardly any light. People around me don't understand what's going on and they think I'm still scared, sees the blood pouring out of my nose and mouth and runs to get help. I continue screaming looking for a way out, I feel trapped, I feel claustrophobic, I'm in fear that another actor will come and frighten me, I bang on all the walls firmly pleading for someone to get me out, but it seems as thoug h no one is listening and I feel as though I'm on my own.I have never felt or experienced this sensation before, and I am terrified. My friend finally comes back with an amusement park worker to escort me out, I feel safe with her by my side telling me she'll get me out safely and that'll everything will be okay. Walking along the wall, a werewolf Jumps out and attempts to scare me and succeeds, the amusement park worker firmly yells out to him to stop and he realizes that something is seriously wrong he stops and backs away into his spot.I'm in so much shock, I start to scream even louder. In front of me I can see a crack of a bright white light and its increasingly getting larger and larger and within a blink, I am escorted out, I am finally out and feel a sense of relief, as though a ghostly presence has disappeared, although my legs give way and I can not hysterically stand any longer, I drop to the steps close by and remove my hands from my mouth and nose, my hands are bright r ed from all the blood that has poured out.At this point I am still screaming, it's a long, loud, piercing cry, I'm still in shock and can not believe what has Just happened, the worker hands me a handful of tissues and tells me to continue breathing. I am continuously screaming, with an endless flow of tears, I cry, with choking sobs, my eyes have gone red and puffy, my nose is still bleeding, blood seems to be flowing out. I have managed to calm myself down. I take a deep breath. Creative writing Trapped I'm standing out the front of the world's scariest horror house, In universal Studios, Hollywood. Where I am about to enter through the entrance when my friend suggests that it's not a very good idea, but shrug and say what could possibly happen besides being scared half to death. We enter. It's dark, the walls feel close, there's an awful smell to the place, as If someone has died inside. I feel nervous because I don't know what's coming in the distance, and I have what feels like a hundred butterflies flying around in my stomach.I can feel the hairs on my arms and on the back of my neck beginning to rise. I am getting cold chills down my spine. My heart rate is increasing, I feel as though my heart is beginning to rise out of my chest. We walk through, a chucks doll appears out from the frame cut out of the wall, my heart skips a beat and I don't think much of it, it scares me a little and let out a scream, I think to myself this isn't so bad after all, I think I spoke to s oon.After that various horror film characters start Jumping out and appearing around corners as I alike through and I am beginning to freak out. Suddenly, I am cornered by what seems to be a very frightening clown. He has a large crack in his skull it seems to be as wide as the grand canyon, his face is all distorted and has open flesh wounds all over, his eyes are as black as the ace of spades, with black rings circling them, his outfit has been ripped and has blood all over it, his immense red nose is directly in front of mine.He seems to becoming closer and closer and I have no where else to go, so I crouch down and hope he'll disappear as non as I drop to the floor In fear, he finally backs away and I try and make a run for It so I can get out as fast as possible. I run as fast as possible but I have come too room full of mirrors, I'm disorientated, I feel as though the whole room is spinning around me and don't know which ways the way out, I start running towards the way I thin k is the exit but instead it's a mirror, I run directly at it.I hit it with such force. Everything turns too blur and starts going In slow motion as If was in a dream. I feel pain miming from my mouth, my tongue make's Its way to my two front teeth, but they don't feel Like teeth anymore, more like sharp razors In my mouth, In this split second of a moment I finally realize what has happened, I've knocked half of my two front teeth out, I hold out my hand, and there lies half a tooth in a pool of blood, I freak out.I start to panic and I start screaming, it's still pitch black inside, with hardly any light. People around me don't understand what's going on and they think I'm still scared, sees the blood pouring out of my nose and mouth and runs to get help. I continue screaming looking for a way out, I feel trapped, I feel claustrophobic, I'm in fear that another actor will come and frighten me, I bang on all the walls firmly pleading for someone to get me out, but it seems as thoug h no one is listening and I feel as though I'm on my own.I have never felt or experienced this sensation before, and I am terrified. My friend finally comes back with an amusement park worker to escort me out, I feel safe with her by my side telling me she'll get me out safely and that'll everything will be okay. Walking along the wall, a werewolf Jumps out and attempts to scare me and succeeds, the amusement park worker firmly yells out to him to stop and he realizes that something is seriously wrong he stops and backs away into his spot.I'm in so much shock, I start to scream even louder. In front of me I can see a crack of a bright white light and its increasingly getting larger and larger and within a blink, I am escorted out, I am finally out and feel a sense of relief, as though a ghostly presence has disappeared, although my legs give way and I can not hysterically stand any longer, I drop to the steps close by and remove my hands from my mouth and nose, my hands are bright r ed from all the blood that has poured out.At this point I am still screaming, it's a long, loud, piercing cry, I'm still in shock and can not believe what has Just happened, the worker hands me a handful of tissues and tells me to continue breathing. I am continuously screaming, with an endless flow of tears, I cry, with choking sobs, my eyes have gone red and puffy, my nose is still bleeding, blood seems to be flowing out. I have managed to calm myself down. I take a deep breath.

Industries in India Essay

Today India is one among the apex ten industrial kingdoms of the humanness. industrial growing has changed Indias economy from low- create status to ontogeny status.Industries can be classified into variant types on the basis of their structure. The two chief(prenominal) types argon 1) Manufacturing industries including plodding and light industries. 2) humble and cottage industries .Manufacturing industries Industries which ar concerned with the treat or conversion of new materials into faultless products atomic number 18 c eached manufacturing industries.IMPORTANCE OF MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES1) Manufacturing industries summation the depicted object income and per capita income. Industrial instruction increases the engagement opportunities to a plumping routine of people and and so increases their income. 2) Industrial development solves the problems of un-employment and chthonian employment which be nigh of the major problems of India. 3) Industrial devel opment promotes agriethnical development. some industries argon agro-based industries. Agricultural products ar stark(a) materials for these industries. training of these industries enables agriculture to increase its employment.4) Industrial development helps to utilise the internal resources, such as mineral resources, water resources, forest resources and opposite(a) natural resources. Utilisation of these natural resources helps in the give 0f the country. 5) Many institutions belonging to the third field argon likewise developed as a result of industrial development. e.g. Banking, education, insurance, carry- everyplace and communication.6) Countries which depend only on agriculture choose low criterion of living. But countries which substantiate developed twain in agriculture and industries shoot fountainhead balanced economic system.7) Industrialisation helps both the domestic and impertinent craftiness of a nation. Many verticals, which we produce argon merchandiseed toformer(a) countries and help us to earn extraneous exchange. It also reduces our dependence on external countries for many an(prenominal) candids.8) Generally industries argon determined in towns and cities, this enables the towns and cities to become trade and cultural moves.9) Arms and ammunition ask for the refutal of the country need to be produced in the country itself. We can non depend on early(a) countries for these arms and ammunition. Industries manufacture tankers, aeroplanes, explosives, guns, bullets and many new(prenominal) defence requirements and thus help to modify the defence of the country.10) Increase of industries helps in the increase of income of the government beca intention they pay taxes and duties to thegovernment.Facilities open for industrial development in India1) India has potentiometer of natural resources identical forests, minerals, spot resources, water resources and so on which ar indispensable for industrial deve lopment. 2) India has cosmic human resource, which can provide affordable agitate. The large population of India also provides trade for industrial products. 3) India is an agricultural country. Agriculture provides barren materials for many industries and agriculture is the chief trade for industrial products.Industrial development in IndiaAncient India had do great appear in industries. Manufacture of cloth, gunny bags, makeup and other industries were well developed in India. Example Muslin cloth of Dacca, chintzes of Masulipatnam, Calicos of Calicut and Gold embellishment of Surat. both these wides were fabricate in cottage industries. During the British period all these industries suffered. The industrial policy of the British and the Industrial innovation in England were the master(prenominal) causes for the decline of our industries. heretofore few redbrick manufacturing industries were st blinded during the British period.Important among them were a like cloth mill at Bombay in 1854, a Jute mill in Calcutta in 1855 and another cotton pose fiber plant fiber fiber textile mill at Ahmedabad. A musical composition mill was started virtually Calcutta in 1867 and smelting of iron ore at Kulti in westernmost Bengal in 1870. Availability of earthy materials and cheap labour were responsible for the establishment of these industries. Ourindustrial maturate was truly slow until the First significantity War. later on the First World War, industries identical iron and firebrand, chemicals, net income, cement and machine tools were started. After independence, our industries made great arm. The cinque course of instruction Plans were started for all-round economic development and immediately India occupies an alpha place in world industrial development.Factors for the location of IndustriesThe factors for the location of industries be availability of birthday suit(prenominal) materials, agency resources, transport and communication facilities, skilled and unskilled labour, favourable climate, crownwork, water resources, market place place and Government policy. entirely these facilities may not be comprise in one portion, besides a combination of these factors leads to the location of industries.Industrial regions of India ground on the factors mentioned above, four main industrial regions argon found in India. They atomic number 18,1) atomic outlet 74 Bengal, Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh2) Maharashtra and Gujarat3) Central Gangetic region4) South IndiaJharkhand, westside Bengal and Chhattisgarh region It is also known as Damodar-Hooghli region. The region includes Chotanagpur plateau which has large deposits of minerals like iron ore, char, manganese, mica and bauxite. Port facilities, power resources and availability of cheap labour are the other factors.Maharashtra Gujarat region It has extensive cotton growing areas. in that location are good transport and port facilities, hydro-electric power, labour core and facilities for dandy investment. Mumbai, Ahmedabad, Surat, Sholapur are noted for cotton manufacture.Central Gangetic region This region produces plenty of primitive materials take for agro-based industries. The Plain region has made possible for the development of roads and lines. High tightfistedness of population has provided market and labour tot.South India The industries are outspread head over many towns and cities of South India. Many types of industries provoke been developed. Availability of raw materials, hydro-electric power, market and labour force have helped the growth of many industries. Bangalore, Chennai, Coimbatore, jacket crown of Oregon and Hyderabad are the weighty industrial centres.IMPORTANT INDUSTRIESManufacturing industries are separate into two types on the basis of the raw materials that they use. They are1) Agro-based industries2) Mineral-based industries1) AGRO- ground INDUSTRIES The substantial agro -based industries are cotton textiles, jute, dulcorate and musical theme.COTTON TEXTILESThe head start cotton textile mill on modern lines was started in Bombay in 1854. Later, mill intimately were started at Ahmedabad in 1858, then in Kanpur, Nagpur, Sholapur, Surat and other places. Today India holds the third place among the cotton textile producing countries of the world. It provides mployment to a large number of people and also helps to earn contradictory exchange. Gujarat and Maharashtra states, lead the country in cotton textile fruit. Mumbai and Ahmedabad are the strategic centres. Mumbai has the largest number of cotton textile move. It is the main cotton textile centre in India. Mumbai is called cottonopolis or Manchester of India. (Manchester is the main cotton textile centre in England) The other important centres of cotton textiles are Nagpur and Sholapur in Maharashtra, Kolkata in westside Bengal, Kanpur in Uttar Pradesh, Indore in Madhya Pradesh, Surat in Gujarat, Salem, Coimbatore and Chennai in Tamilnadu, Bangalore and Davangere in Karnataka and Delhi. Handloom sedulousnessHandloom manufacturing is arduous in Tamilnadu, Andhra Pradesh, Assam and Uttar Pradesh. In recent old age ready-to-wear cotton garment attention has been developing fast and earns a good amount of foreign exchange. Cotton textiles and ready-made garments are exported from India to foreign markets. Europe,the U.S.A., and many countries of Africa and Australia are our main markets. Rough cotton cloth and cotton thread are exported to Myanmar, marrow East, Thailand and other countries.Jute attentionJute constancy occupies an important place in the industrial progress of India. It has provided employment to about 25 hundred thousand workers. India produces 35 % of the total jute products of the world. Its share in earning foreign exchange is also important. The first jute mill was started at Rishra come pricey Kolkata in 1855. Being an export oriented in dustry, it grew very fast. The partition of India struck a heavy blow to the jute industry. nigh of the jute mills remained in India and the jute growing areas went to East Pakistan (Bangladesh). Now attempts have been made to grow jute in the Gangetic delta of West Bengal, in Assam, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Orissa. Jute mills are more than often than not concentrated in lower Hooghly basin. The main reasons for this concentration are availability of raw jute, fresh water, cheap water transport, power resources, cheap labour, capital and port facilities. In recent years, jute mills have also been located in Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Madhya Pradesh. The main jute products are gunny bags, jute cloth, tarpaulins, ropes and cordages ( demand for cable industry). India exports jute products to the U.S.A Britain, Canada, Argentina and Russia. cole exertion starting line has been used in India since a very long time. India produces sporting sugar, Khandsari a nd Gur or Jaggery. It provides employment to about 2.5 lakh people in India and also earns foreign exchange. Modern sugar mills were started in 1931. Sugarcane, which is the raw material for sugar industry, is a perishable and weight losing raw material. The Sugar factories are located wherever sugar cane is grown. Sugar factories are concentrated in the Gangetic plain (Uttar Pradesh and Bihar). The other states where sugar factories are found are Maharashtra, Tamilnadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh. The sugarcane of peninsular India yields more sugar than the North Indian sugarcane. There are 37 sugar factories in Karnataka. The districts of Mandya, Belgaum and Bellary have a large number of sugar factories. Gorakhpur districts of Uttar Pradesh hasthe largest number of sugar mills and is called Java of India. India exports sugar to the U.S.A, Britain, Iran, Malaysia and Canada. stem IndustryPaper manufacturing had been carried on in India as a cottage industry sinc e ancient times. As a manufacturing industry it was first started in 1867 at bally(prenominal) near Kolkata. There were only 15 paper mills before independence. Softwood, bamboo, sabai grass, straw, ba featurese, ticklish water and chemicals are the raw materials required for paper industry. Owing to very expressage forest as raw materials. The chemicals required for paper industry are sultry soda, soda ash, sodium sulphate, chlorine and sulfuric acid. West Bengal has the largest number of paper mills in India. The reasons for it are, availability of raw materials, char and electricity, abundant supply of soft water, supply of capital and availability of cheap labour. The important centres are Kolkata, Titagarh, Raniganj and Kakinada. In Karnataka the paper mills are located at Dandeli, Bhadravathi, Mandya and so on Nepanagar in Madhya Pradesh is an important producer of newsprint. The production of paper in India is not fitting to meet the demand, so large quantities of paper are imported from other countries.MINERAL- BASED INDUSTRIESThe important mineral-based industries of India are iron and brand, heavy applied science and machinery, machine tools,transport equipment, chemicals, chemical fertilisers and cement industries. bid and marque industryIndians knew the art of smelting iron ore since early times. Modern firebrand industry was first started at Kulti in West Bengal in 1874. But the real beginning of iron and mark industry was made in 1907 at Jamshedpur in Bihar (present Jharkhand) by the Tatas, called Tata Iron and Steel attach to (TISCO). Again in 1919 a poise plant was set up at Burnpur in West Bengal called Indian Iron and Steel confederacy (ISCO) and at Bhadravathi in Karnataka in 1923 called Mysore Iron and Steel order (MISCO). Now it is called Vishweswaraiah Iron and Steel Company (VISCO). After Independence during the Second Five division Plan period, iii bragging(a) Iron and Steel plants wereestablished at Bhilai in Madhya Pradesh (now in Chhattisgarh) Rourkela in Orissa and Durgapur in West Bengal. During the Third Five Year Plan, a very big vane plant was established at Bokaro in Bihar ( now in Jharkhand).The fourth v year plan proposed to start three more trade name plants at Salem, Vijayanagar and Vishakhapatnam. The Salem and Vishakhapatnam steel plants have started production but Vijayanagar steel plant was entrusted to the personal sector and production is in the beginning stage. Tata Iron and Steel Company and Vijayanagar steel plant are under the private sector. The others are under the public sector. To encourage and drop dead iron and steel industry under both private and public sectors, Steel Authority of India was established in 1973. All the raw materials required for iron and steel industry like iron ore, manganese, limestone and coal are bulky and weight-losing. So this industry is located near the regions where the raw materials are found in abundance. The finished products are a lso heavy and need good transport system for their distribution. Iron and steel industry is concentrated around the Chotanagpur plateau which is rich in most of the raw materials required and therefore Chotanagpur plateau is called the Rhur of India. (Rhur region in Germany is noted for iron and steel industry). India exports a large quantity of steel and cast iron to Britain, the U.S.A and Japan.Engineering IndustryThere was a time when we were pendant on other countries for various types of engineering goods. Since Independence great progress has been achieved in this field and now we manufacture machinery required to manufacture goods. A heavy engineering plant is established at Ranchi in Jharkhand, which manufactures various machines required by us and also machinery for export. Hindustan Machine Tools at Bangalore manufactures a wide variety of machine tools and tractors. Machines required to manufacture cement and chemicals are manufactured at Vishakhapatnam in Andhra Pradesh . strong galvanising equipment industryIndia produces many types of electrical equipment. Heavy electrical motors, transformers, water wheels, electric fans etcetera, are manufactured at Bhopal, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Tiruchinapalli and otherplaces. Bharat HeavyElectricals hold in (BHEL) has set up its plants at differentplaces. integrity such plant is in Bangalore. express and equipment IndustryIndia has made good progress in this industry also. It is engaged in the production of automobiles, rail line engines, rail line coaches, railway wheels and axles and ships. Chittaranjan in West Bengal manufactures electrical and diesel locomotives, Varanasi in Uttar Pradesh produces diesel locomotives, Perambur near Chennai produces railway coaches. Mumbai, Kolkata, Kochi, Vishakahpatnam and Marmagoa are the major ship building centres. Aircraft industry has been developed at Bangalore, Hyderabad and Kanpur. Maruthi Udyog near Delhi produces motor cars. Kolkata(West Bengal), Jamshed pur(Jharkhand), Hosur in Tamllnadu (Leyland) and Bangalore in Karnataka (Volvo) are noted for the manufacture of motor vehicles. The railway wheel and axle plant is at Yelhanka near Bangalore.Chemical IndustryMany chemicals are required for the production of rayon, rubber, paper, glass, soap, chemical fertilisers and insecticides. merely for sulphur, the other raw materials are available in India for the production of chemicals. After Independence great progress has been made in this direction. At present, there are more than three hundred chemical factories spread all over India. Mumbai, Kolkata, Kanpur, Bangalore, Chennai and Ahmedabad are the important centres of this industry. Sulphuric acid, caustic soda, soda ash, bleaching gunpowder and soaps are produced in our country.Chemical fertiliser industryChemical fertilizers are very internal to improve the fertility of the lubricating vegetable oil and to increase the production in agriculture. India world a predominantly an agricultural nation, production of chemical fertilizers is necessary. Complex fertilizers like urea, ammonium ion sulphate and nitrates are produced in India. The bi-products of coal, and oil refineries are used as raw materials in this industry. Now natural gas is also used as a raw material. The first chemical fertilizer factory in India was started at Belagola near Mysore (Mysore fertilizers). The next factory was started at Travancore (Alwaye) in Kerala called Fertilizer and Chemicals Travancore Ltd. (FACTS).Now there are more than one hundred fertilizer factories under both public and private sectors. Some of the important fertilizer factories under the public sector are at Sindri (Jharkhand), Nangal (Punjab), Trombay (Maharashtra), Gorakhpur (Uttar Pradesh). Rourkela (Orissa), Neyveli (Tamilnadu), Durgapur (West Bengal), Kochi (Kerala) and Mangalore (Karnataka). Though the production of fertilizers has increased over the past few years, still it is not sufficient and we impo rt fertilizers from other countries. cement Industry cement is the most essential commodity for construction work after(prenominal) iron and steel. For the construction of buildings, roads, river valley projects, bridge over etc., cement is very necessary on with iron. That is why the consumption of cement is the superpower for the rate of development of a country. The first cement factory was set up at Chennai in 1904. It used seashells as raw material. Now limestone, coal and gypsum are the main raw materials. As the raw materials are heavy, the cement factories are primarily located close to the source of raw materials. cement factories are located all over India, because the raw materials are available without the country. There are about 150 cement factories in India. virtually of the cement factories are in Tamilnadu, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Bihar, Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka. Most of the factories are under the private sector. In Karnataka, Associated Cem ent Company near Gulbarga, Mysore Cement Company in Bhadravathi, Diamond Cement factory at Ammasandra near Tumkur are important. India is self sufficient in cement production. We also export cement to Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Myanmar, Afghanistan, Iran etc.EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN INDIAYou have already studied that India has made industrial progress. This development has resulted in some good and bad do.Good effects Industrialisation has changed India into a developing nation and to-day India is one of the ten industrially in advance(p) nations of the World. Industrialisation has increased production through the utilization of unused natural resources. It has cut down to some extent the population thatwould have been dependent on agriculture. The industrial centres have become the centres of education, culture and trade. Industrialisation has enabled us to become selfreliantwith regard to many goods for which we were depending on other countries earlier. It has affected our foreign trade also and we are able to export many goods to other countries. Import of many goods has been stopped or reduced. The National Income and per capita income has increased. We have achieved development in the field of technology also. There is great progress in the field of Banking, Transport and Communication and Insurance. The foreign countries are attracted and they are drop their capital in our industries. The non-resident Indians are also investing capital and hence the investment of capital has considerably increased.Bad effects The industrial centres attract population from rural areas and the density of population has increased in industrial centres. Lack of housing facilities has created many slum areas. The slum dwellers are suffering from lack of healthfacilities, housing, sanitization and water. The slums have become the centres of many anti-social activities. latterly in almost all the states, the spend Development Boards have been set up to improve t he conditions of slum dwellers. Excessive use of Technology and Computers in industries, has resulted in the remotion of workers and this has become a big problem. There is a fear that the foreign capital investment may result in the economic exploitation of the country