Week 4 Discussion Questions #3 and #4 Personal Statement

Week 4 Discussion Questions #3 and #4 - Personal Statement Example More biodiversity could equally cause the population of the species in the ecosystem to rise rapidly. As such, they may outweigh the primary producers making it difficult for the ecosystem to sustain them. As an individual, I feel affected either way. When the number of species is so low that they get to extinction, the future generation will not have the opportunity to experience the aesthetics of the environment. This affects me fundamentally as an environmentalist. Extinction is the situation whereby a certain species gets out of existence in an ecosystem. One of the major causes of the present day extinction is human encroachment into the ecosystem. This becomes apparent as the human population increases (McKinney, Schoch, & Yonavjak, 2007). As the human population increased at unprecedented rates, people started destroying homes of wildlife thereby making some species endangered. They equally hunted the wildlife for food hence bringing about the extinction. To prevent the looming extinction, stringent regulations protecting the species in every ecosystem ought to have been ensured. Again, humans were to be enlightened on the importance of a sustainable ecosystems and/or ills associated with the impending

Othello, the Moor of venice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Othello, the Moor of venice - Essay Example These lines indicate Desdemona's interest in Othello as a man. She finds him fascinating and worthy of love and makes the first move. As Othello says later, "she had eyes and chose me" (3.3.189). Othello also explains the mutual nature of their regard: "She loved me for the dangers I had passed, and I loved her that she did pity them" (1.3.167-8). Desdemona sees Othello as the bravest and most accomplished man she has ever met. Othello, an outsider in Venice, is flattered that his life could affect a woman this way. He does not expect to be admired-he has fought for everything he ever received-and Desdemona's love binds his heart. Without the forces working against them, they have a strong basis for a successful marriage. Othello is not easily brought to suspect betrayal. When Desdemona first asks for a favor, Othello tells her twice, "I will deny thee nothing" (3.3.76; 3.3.84). Without Iago, there is no doubt in his mind as to Desdemona's motivation. In the same scene, he remarks to himself, "when I love thee not, Chaos is come again" (3.3.91). This line gives us insight into Othello's heart. Desdemona is, to him, a goddess of civilization who transforms him from a despised Moor into an honored Venetian. Until Iago skews the balance, Othello's love for Desdemona is stable and grateful. Even when Iago plants seeds of doubt in his mind, Othello has trouble believing Iago's lies.

The Moroccan Goumiers: Origin and History

The Moroccan Goumiers: Origin and History INTRODUCTION Linguistically speaking, the term Goum comes from the Arabic word () pronounced with a Maghrebi accent which means stand up. This term is going to define a military unit that was formed by the French army to be used first internally for pacification purposes and then externally for fighting the Axis powers. The Goums were predominantly Berbers from the region of the Middle as well as High Atlas, their simple lifestyle and isolation from the lowland in Morocco distinguish them from the other Moroccans mainly the Arabs and Arabized Berbers. Their way of fighting made them fierce warriors that were admired by the French militarily and feared by the Germans and Italians, in addition to the fact that they condoned many barbarous acts that they were doing to their enemies. They regard war as a way of living to the extent that they were assiduous in their missions by perfecting their fighting methods. The Goums made a reputation as redoubtable warriors both in Morocco, North Africa and Euro pe with the testimony of many military officers. This research papers will analyze the emergence Goums by dividing the papers into three parts. The first one is devoted to the origin of the Goums, the second to the contribution of the Goums within the French Army in World War II and the last to the fate of the Goums after the end of World War II. The Origin of the Goums and the Pacification of Morocco The Goums were first recruited from the Berber tribes that were objected to the French army such as Ait Warayn, Ait Seghrouchn, Imermuchn, Ichqirn, Izayyan, Ait Yahyathe Goums are: hawk faced Moroccan troops whose specialty is mountain fighting. Their especial value is their uncanny gift for moving silently through trackless mountain country. Their method of working is similar to the action of an incoming tide on a series of sand castles. These waves of Goums could be unloosed on a shapeless mass of mountain country that orthodox troops would find impassable. They would move up silently on any opposition that presented itself, dispose of it and push on regardless of what was happening to those on their right or left. They had a habit of bringing back evidence of the number of victims they had killed, which made them an unpleasant enemy to face.[1] The origin of the Goums goes back to the area of the pacification of Morocco, they were used against the resisting Berber tribes in the Atlas Mountains until 1934, the end of the pacification. The birth of the Goums is going to be in 1908 when the French General D`Amande recruited six Goums in the regions of Chaouia to fight the resistance against France in tribal area.[2] The first resident general in Morocco was General Louis-Hubert Lyautey who intended to rule Morocco indirectly by using the Moroccan elite that would govern the country for the benefit of France. However, his idea of indirect rule did not prove to be successful as the Makhzen under the sultan was not able to control the regions outside its realm (Blad Siba) such as the Atlas Mountains, where tribal societies were either with the central power or against themselves.[3] Lyautey realized that diplomacy is not working with the tribes in the mountains therefore he resorted to organizing North African French troops such as the Tirailleurs and Spahis to fight insurrections. Under these circumstances the Service Des Affaires Indigenes et Renseignements (AIR) came into being, the service divided auxiliaries recruited from the tribes into three distinct groups: Partisans, Mokhaznis and Goums.[4] The Goums were the elite of the French colonial force and their assigned mission was to police the rebellion areas among their tribal areas and was used as Groupes Mobiles,[5] pacification soldiers that performed the task of inspection as they know their areas more than the French. The Atlas Mountains proved to be a difficult mission for Lyautey due to the harshness not only of its mountains but also of its inhabitants, to the extent that the French Morocco was separated from the Atlas Mountains by the River of Oum er Rebia[6], thus deemed a region off the French Control. When Lyautey started his military campaign against the tribes in the Atlas Mountains staring from the city of Khenifra, he encountered a fier ce resistance from the Zaini tribe mainly from Moha ou Hammou, Moha ou Said and Ali Amhaouch.[7] Lyautey relied on Goums as well as Algerian and Senegalese Tirailleurs to get Moha ou Hammou.[8]But the price was high as the French military was subject to many defeats with its pinnacle in the Battle of Lhri. Regarding the ethnic composition of Goums, when they were first formed in 1908 in the region of Chaoia they were a mix of both Arabs and Berbers. However in the late 1920s, the French are going to confine the recruitment of Goums to be mainly from the Middle as well as the High Atlas. From this perspective the Goums were distinct from other colonial troops such as tirailleurs and saphis by being distinctly Berbers, a reason that made France to use them as police officers against any resistance.[9] The Berber tribe of Ait Seghrouchn is going to be the most favored by the French to recruit the Goums. The tribe was attacked by the French and many of its inhabitants decided to enlist in the French army due to the death of their family. The Berber name of the tribe ouchn means wolf. The way of their fighting is derived from their attribution to this animal. According to Barbara erenchih the origin of war goes back to the area of Mesolithic when in fact game animals were scares and a holocaust of animals occurred, and psychologically the prey animals are revered. In Scandinavia the warriors were leaving their human form and assuming the form of a bear when they go to fight. From which the origin of the word berserk came.[10] Consequently, when the Goums of Ait Seghrouchn went to fight they assume the form of a wolf and leave behind their human form. The Goums were noticeable for their quality of loyalty to the extent that they remained faithful to their officers during the dissents in Morocco. As it is stated by Edward L. Bimberg during all these turbulent years the Goums remained steadfast. While the tribes of their origin vacillated loyal to the French one day, fighting them the next the Goumiers remained faithful, not to France, but to their officers, the Frenchmen to whom they owed their fealty.[11] The tribes proved to be a difficult task for the French, but Eventually, it was nature that defeated the tribesmen. The French dammed the streams that ran through the Berber positions, cutting off their water supply.[12] And by 1933, the last of the dissident tribes, the Aà ¯t Abdi, the Aà ¯t Sokhlman and, toughest of them all, the Aà ¯t Haddidou, came down out of their mountain strongholds and submitted to the French generals. The pacification of Morocco was complete.[13] After the end of the pacification, the Goums became ob solete and there was the idea of discharging the Goums as they were no longer needed. However, due to their ferocity and trustworthiness the French agreed to keep them as gendarmerie (police officers) in case new dissents aroused and by the start of World War II the Goums were going to have a new mission where they built a reputation of being fine warriors.[14] Tunisia In 1939 Germany invaded Poland ushering the start of the Second World War and it is obvious that France will be using its colonial troops such as Tirailleurs, Spahis and Zouaves to fight the Axis powers. The Goums were also on the picture, however they were used as a police rather than military force but eventually they were sent to Tunisia to fight the Italian and German forces in its border with Libya. unlike the French, the Berber when they were fighting the Germans had no natural or historical animosity towards them, on the other hand they just fought for the sake of fighting and the fact of being paid for their service was a motivation for them to fight savagely against the Germans.[15] When the French realized the power of the Goums they organized them in tabors to be used in military missions, the tabor came to be used in hand with the word irregular.[16] The Goums were deployed in Tunisia two times. First, In 1940 Tunisia was menaced to be attacked by Italians from its East-South border with Libya. Therefore, in May 1940 the Goums were deployed to Tunisia to fight against the Italians. However, when France lost in the phony war, it negotiated an armistice that allowed the Vichy France to head the country of France. It is worth mentioning that in contrast to the Italians who were being wary of the Berbers as a threat the German did not regard the Berber as a menace but rather a band of peasants. Additionally, France pointed to the Germans that they were used as gendarmerie. Thus they were allowed for their continuation in France Vichy; in the meantime the Goums were the resort of France to build its army without any interference from Germany.[17] The fact of being situated in the mountainous region of Morocco made the action of French officers unnoticeable. What made the Berbers to be highly regarded by the French was their loyalty to the extent that they remain loyal even during their defeat by Germany and under Vichy France. As it is stated by Moshe Gershovich This manifestation of Berber loyalty towards the France`s worst moments in history was celebrated as shining proof of the common bond which had been forged between the two peoples, the ultimate fruit of colonial genius and benevolence.[18] Second, in 1942 the Goums were redeployed in Tunisia where they acquired a reputation as brave and fearsome warriors who showed to the allied forces their skill in infantry They helped capture the city of Bizerte and Tunis, to the extent that Horrocks described the Berbers as The toughest of allon whom pain and discomfort seem to have no effect whatever.[19] The Goums fighting performance in Tunisia made them the suitable candidate to fight the Axis powers in Italy. The Mission in Italy After their participation in Tunisia which showed to the allied forces the fierceness and warrior quality of the Berbers they were taken to Sicily on what was called operation Husky[20] the 4th tabor that went was composed of 58 French officers and 678 Goums.[21] Sicily did not prove to be a hard terrain for the Goums as its rugged and mountainous terrain were similar to the Atlas Mountains in Morocco. Nevertheless, they did found the Island hellishly hot, unbelievably dusty and malarial besides.[22] The 4th tabor was essential at helping the American 1st division that were heavily attacked by Italians.[23] The Sicilian campaign ended after the capture of Messina, which proved to be a crucial battle for the Goums as it is proposed by Edward L. Bimberg It was their first adventure overseas, the first time in their history they had fought outside Africathey had overcome what may have been some- thing of an inferiority complex, a sense of being country bumpkins fit to fight only in African wars. One way or another, for the Moroccan irregulars Sicily was an important breakthrough.[24] The fall of Sicily paved the way for the fall of Sardinia and Corsica. The French were aware of the power of the Goums and their competence in war and after their deployment in Tunisia the French army added a metal unit insignia in which it was written Who Laughs Last Laughs Best[25] which served as a reminder for its enemies about the glorious victories of Goums against Germans. In 1943, due to the success of the Goums in Tunisia and Sicily with four tabors being under the command of the allied forces, a new position was created under the name of the Commandment des Goums Marocains (CGM) with Colonel Augustin-Leon Guillaume as its commander.[26] Its role was to maintain communication between those four tabors. The American relied on CGM which would be a part of the fifth army of Clark to invade Italy under the codename of Avalanche.[27] The Goums did not find the new invasion to be hard for as the allied forces did not like the terrain the Goums find an advantage. As it is stated by Edward L. Bimberg, as far as mountain fighting was concerned the Goumiers were at no such disadvantage. The Italian peaks and ridgesmeant nothing to the Moroccans.[28] And while the Germans regarded the mountains as a barrier for defense against the allies, the Goums did not find difficulty in their specialty as mountain warriors. While the Goums did a remarkable job of fighting the Axis powers, a new element of their charater was revelaed by their misconduct that was noticeable by Italians. As it is stated by Edward L. Bimberg: They were not popular with the Italians. This was the result of the off-duty conduct of some of them in the mountain villages and isolated valley farmscertain elements among the Moroccans had engaged in a wild spree of rape and pillage across the Italian countryside when they were not busy killing Germans.[29] In the movie La Ciociara which is based on the novel La Ciociara by Alberto Moravia, the group rape of two women by the Goums after the battle of Mosseni was portrayed. These brutal events were engraved in the memory of Italians as an Italian word marocchinare came to describe those events. In 1964 a monument was erected in the city of Roca di San Pietro, named Mammai Cioria to remind Italians of the atrocities committed by the Goums. The reasons behind the misconduct of the Goums has to do with the fact such things as rape and loot can be explained through the isolation of the Berber tribes in the Atlas Mountains. The reason why the people went to war in the first place was to rape and loot, to the extent that Alexander the Macedonian was portrayed as being gay for not indulging into rape during his conquests.[30] Barbara Ehrenreich stated that war not only depart from the normal; it inverts all that is moral and right: in war one should kill, should steal, should burn cities and farms, should perhaps even rape matrons and little girls. [31] She even pointed out that rape has been endemic wherever warriors rule and was even legalized in medieval Europe as the feudal lord`s droit de seigneur[32] Edward L. Bimberg stated that: Not that they had anything against the ItaliansTheir origins, however, can-not be forgotten; to the Moroccan tribesman, that was the way war was waged. To the victor belonged the spoils, and the Goumiers were somewhat puzzled by the restraints put upon them by their officers.[33] This misconduct of the Goums was used as justification by the French authorities for its brutal policies when dealing with tribal people in Morocco.[34] The Moroccans indulged in rape, theft, pillage and murder, consequently Clark, the head of the Fifth American division under which the Gums were supervised, ordered the execution of law transgressors. Accordingly, 15 Moroccans were executed while 54 were imprisoned to various sentences.[35] The action committed by the Goums came as a surprise to the French officials Alphonse Juin, commander of the French Expeditionary Corps (CFE), and Guillaume. Therefore, the French decided to bring Berber women to Italy through the US Navy LST to prevent future misconducts by the Goums, to the extent that they were the only soldiers in WWII that brought their women with them.[36] Surprisingly the policy did help in quelling rape and pillage but the disgrace did not disappear.[37] Apart from their misconduct in Italy, the Goums were also known for the fact that during the night they would sneak in the American tents and steal their stuff.[38] Additionally, their way of fighting involved also the pro cess of cutting throats and ears which was reminiscent of what the Trojans did to their enemies,[39] the basic aim of these practices was to take souvenirs.[40] The Goums succeeded in chasing the Germans down and reached the cities of Rome and Siena where they fought their last battles in Italy. After that, the Goums have to go to Naples to be embarked directly in southern France to fight the German in what was called Operation Dragon.[41] Italy was an opportunity for Berbers to distinguish themselves again after Tunisia as worthy warriors who can survive under any conduction. As it is pointed out by Edward L. Bimberg: The Italian campaign was the supreme testing ground for the Moroccan Tabors. Could these lightly armed primitive tribesmen survive in modern warfare? Their officers maintained that they could and did, that their performance in the mountains of Italy was proof of their value, even in the most difficult circumstancesSupply alone, with one air drop and 4,000 mules, was in itself an almost magical accomplishment.[42] When the Goums preparing to be embarked in Southern France, the French`s inspector general`s department published a report about the Goums, which mentioned their strong points as well as weak points. It pointed to the qualities of Berbers in warfare such as scouting and patrolling[43] particularly in Mountains, Overflowing or swarming, or what is called by French as de`bordement[44] which means being fast to attack with the element of surprise, in addition to Adaptability, endurance and cleverness in making booby traps.[45] The major weak points of the Goums tend to be lack of inventiveness especially in the absence of French chiefs,[46] the fact of taking orders instead of improvising is a constant characteristic of the Goums, In addition to their reluctance to attack a well-equipped target as they prefer war of movement to a sedentary siege.[47] Another interesting fact that is mentioned in the report is the Goums` dislike and contempt of the tank,[48] which is normal as any warrio r society fears new weapons because not only do they menace their life but also the survival of their groups as fighting elite that is redoubtable and in need of in addition to the fact that a man who fights through a tank is hiding in a machine. For instance, the samurai had the same feelings as they were abhorred by the invention of guns to the extent that they banned it.[49] The report was made with the intent of finding solutions to the weak points as well ameliorating the strong elements of the Goums, for instance by equipping them with anti-tank rifles.[50] The Mission in France The participation of the Goums in operation dragon (also known as Anvil) was at doubt not because the French doubted the warfare power of the Goums, but out of fear from their reputation as being prone to rape and plunder like in Italy, to the extent that Pope Pius XII in Vatican had protested against the use of Goums in Europe.[51] However, General Guillaume defended the Goums and asked for their participation in the French soil. [52] In France, the Goums were going to be under the command of General Jean de Lattre de Tassigny who unlike Giraud, Juin and Guillaume was neither African nor having an experience of fighting in North Africa. Another issue that was an obstacle for the deployment of the Goums in southern France is the military nature of Operation Dragon which was gigantic as it included five battleships, nine escort carriers with 216 aircraft, 122 destroyers and escort vessels and 466 land- ing craft, all from five navies American, British, French, Australian and Greek and an imposing fleet of transports and supply ships as well. [53] Finding room for the Goums among this vast military along with their mules and horses was a cumbersome one. Many officers showed their opposition to the inclusion of the Goums in the ships as well as undermining their capacity as warriors based on their looks. For instance, General Alexander Patch of the American force was against their deployment. Nevertheless, the need for Goums attested to be vital for the Allied forces as General De Lattre convinced the officers that opposed the Goums Deployment in the operation, mainly the Americans. He pointed out to their specialty of mountain warfare which would be useful in getting along the mountain ranges surrounding the two cities: Toulon and Marseille, in addition to the Alps and the Vosges in Alsace.[54] To put things differently, regardless of their look or reputation as rapist and plunderers, the Goums were crucial for the success of Operation Dragon. Moreover, regarding the issue of rape and pillage De Gaulle agreed to the deployment of Goums in France as long as they were not used in cities.[55] Eventually, 6000 Goums along with 1200 mules were embarked in the ship heading towards the shores France.[56] The German forces that were stationed in France to defend the South were the 19th army under the control of General Friedrich Wiese. The major German power was stationed in two major French cities Marseille and Toulon. In the former, it was the 244th Infantry Division as well as naval and Luftwaffe ground units and the latter it was 242nd Infantry Division and the Kriegs-marine.[57] The cities captured by Germany such as Marseille were used as fortresses while the leading roads to the city were fortified by artillery, machine guns, mines and wire.[58] What made the invasion more difficult is due to the fact that the Germans followed Hiller`s rule of fighting to the last man. Regardless of the way the German fought, the Goums had the advantage of identifying war as a reason for their life therefore making the best of it. What was noticeable regarding the Goums in contrast with the allied forces is their Berber character that can be seen from their clothing: djellaba, rezzas and mule-r iding. To the extent that De Lattre described their march toward Marseille as trotting along in single file with their mules, bare footed, their hob-nailed boots hanging about their necks or slung at their belts with their tin helmets. The endless striped djellabas gave the landscape an African appearance.[59] The Goums proved to be worthy of their reputation as fierce warriors, they were mostly used in areas that involved inhospitable terrains such as the Mountains of Alps where the Goums were stationed to guard the eastern border of France with Italy, their mission was to prevent any infiltration of Axis powers to France from the Alps to the Col de Larche while the allied forces guarded the less harsh border between Col de Larche and the Mediterranean Sea.[60] The Alps proved to be a strenuous terrain for the Goums, as it is acknowledged by Edward L. Bimberg The Alpine terrain in that area was particularly difficult, even for the Goumiers. They found the footing around the Col de Larche and the Plateau des Bouchieres extremely unstable. It was all shale, a rock made of densely packed clay that split easily into layers, of a type unique to the territory and strange to the Moroccans They had never before experienced this kind of stone that sheared off underfoot as they marched, making the uphill going doubly difficult and the down- hill even more dangerous.[61] The fight in Alps was an arduous one that generated many casualties from both sides. However, the Goums remained in the Alps only for a month and then replaced by units of the FFI (). As the German received heavy losses in Southern France mainly by losing Toulon, Lyon, Grenoble and Marseille Hitler ordered his troops to evacuate Southern France.[62] The next mission of the Goums in France after the Alps is going to be in the Vosges Mountains. The new terrain was different from the Atlas Mountains as it was heavily forested, dark and dank,[63] to put it in other words Its terrain was perfect for defense, and the Germans had made the most of it.[64] So, De Lattre expected a long battle in the area which was hindered by the weather as well as the harsh terrain, however the general relied on deceiving the German to think that their aim is at the Vosges instead of Belfort Gap, an aim in which he succeeded at. In order to do that, the Goums were kept busy by fighting the German on the mountains,[65] and eventually the victory paved the way to freeing Alsace and getting the Colmar Pocket.[66] The Mission in Germany Obtaining Alzace was not enough for the French, for that reason De Gaulle urged his army to go further, beyond the Alsace in the Rhine to capture the capital of Wà ¼rttemberg and Baden province, Stuttgart. However, there was an obstacle as the other bank of Rhine is settled by the mountainous, wooded terrain of the Black Forest.[67] But that was not obstacle for the Goums whose reputation did not stop at Italy and Tunisia but arrived to Germany too as the people were more fearful of the Goums than the regular allied forces. As it is affirmed by Edward L. Bimberg, The German civilians were, understandably, totally cowed, and the white bed sheets of surrender were displayed everywhere. They were particularly fearful of the Goumiers, whose hooded djellabas and scraggly beards made them seem like some avenging medieval monks.[68] As the French army occupied such cities as Karlsruhe and Pforzheim, the next step is to invade Stuttgart. However, the American forces under the command of Gen eral Devers were engaged in fighting the Germans in the north. De Lattre was recalcitrant to the orders of his superiors and preferred to go to the mission without informing the Americans, his plan was to surround the city by isolating it like a siege and the Goums were used effectively in that matter.[69] Just like Alsace, getting Stuttgart was not enough for the French but they sought something further which is Ulm, the basic interest of French is based on its pride, it wants to be known in history that France reached as far in Germany as the Danube River.[70] Another city that De Latter was after is Sigmaringen, the headquarters of the French Vichy government in exile, under the command of Marshal Petain.[71] Although the two cities were missions for the American Seventh Army De Latter made it a personal mission to get the honor of France as well as capturing the traitors: Marshal Petain and Pierre Laval.[72] Once the Allied forces captured German cities, there was a task that the Goums were skillful at that it was always performed after the fall of each German city, the task was mopping up or what is called in French ratissage.[73] The final place where the Goums along the allied forces fought the German is in the Voralberg Massif in the Austrian Alps.[74] After the End of World War II The Goums fought with the French amry in the world wr two with loulaty and efficiency however Germany was not the last mission where the Goums served but they also went as far as Indo china in 1948 1854.[75]unitl where they severed a heavy defeat in the Tonkin Region in the north, ten tabors were snet to the area, the reason for the deafet is due to the guereilla warafer tactic empoloeyed by the northern vitnamese as weel as the terrain that was unprecendt for the Goums. In the oprocess many leflet were given to the goums incldung other nother African soldiers to join the veitanoimie military by referring to them as comrade. When the Goums were discharged from the French army due to the end of World War II and the changing time in Morocco as Moroccans ask for Independence under the PI, The Goums preferred to support the Pasha of Marakesh, El Glawi in contrast with the supporters of Mohemmed V. the king went into exile and Mohammed Ben Arafa became the sultan for a short period and by the independence.[76] Conclusion The Goums were good at fighting and helped the allied forces in their war against the axis power, they were used under the command of French officers, and they proved their warrior spirit in Tunisia, Italy and Germany. To the extent that only four of the Goums have became prisoners of war during their experiences in Tunisia, Sicily, Italy, France , Germany and Austria.[77] The Goums are specialized in mountain warfare however during their deployment in Europe they proven to be adaptable to other types of warfare. The Goums are not mercenaries but military unit under the international law and a basic evidence of that is the fact that the Goums were fighting in Europe for the sake of France to the extent that When one Goumier was offered a monetary reward, he refused it saying, It is for France.[78] Their reputation seems to be tarnished by the brutal events of Ciociara and the defeat in but still they did a difficult work of helping the allied forces freeing Europe from the Axis power s. Bibliography Augustin-Leon Guillaumes Goums in a Modern War. Military History Quarterly. Winter 2007. http://www.historynet.com/wars_conflicts/20_21_century/ 4644596.html?featured=yc=y Maanouni, Ahmed El dir. Les goumiers marocains(Moroccan Goums). with Eric Deroo and Alain de Sedouy. GMT Productions, 1993. Bimberg, Edward L. The Morrocan Goums: Tribal Warriors in a Modern War. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1999. Eisenhower, John S. D. They Fought at Anzio. Columbia, Missouri: University of Missouri Press, 2007. El Merini, Abdelhak. L`armee marocaine a travers l`histoire (Moroccan Army through the History). Rabat: Dar Nachr El Maarifa, 2000. Ehrenreigh, Barbara. Blood Rites: Origins and the History of the Passions of War. Henry Holt and Company: New York, 1997. Gershovich, Moshe. Collaboration and Pacification: French Conquest, Moroccan Combatants, and the Transformation of the Middle Atlas. Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East 24.1 (2004): 139-146. Gershovich, Moshe. French Military Rule in Morocco: Colonialism and its Consequences. London: Frank Cass, 2000. Ilahiane, Hsain. Historical dictionary of the Berbers (Imazighen).The Scarecrow Press: Lanham, Maryland, 2006. Maghraoui, Driss. The Moroccan Colonial Soldiers: Between Selective Memory and Collective memory, in Ali Abdullatif Ahmida, ed., Beyond Colonialism and Nationalism in the Maghrib: History, Culture, and Politics (Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire, New York: Palgrave, 2000): 49-69. Maghraoui, Driss. Nos goumiers Berbà ¨res: the ambiguities of colonial representations in French military novels. The Journal of North African Studies 7: 3 ( 2002): 79-100. Bouchareb, Rachid. Indigà ¨nes (Days of Glory). with Jamel Debbouze, Roschdy Zem and Samy Naceri. Tessalit Productions ,2006. Van Creveled, Martin. The Tansformation of War. New York: The Free Press, 1991. De Sica, Vittorio dir. La Ciociara (Two Women). with Sophia Loren and Jean-Paul Belmondo.Compagnia Cinematografica Champion, 1960.

Super-duper Teddy :: essays research papers

Wendy Abram February 9, 2000 Book Report (about a boy character) Title: Super-Duper Teddy Author: Johanna Hurwitz Setting: The story takes place in Teddy’s neighborhood, Teddy’s apartment, and in Anita’s house. Main Character: The main character is Teddy. Supporting Characters: There are many supporting characters. They are Teddy’s mom; his sister, Nora; his neighbor, Anita; his friend, Bryan; his turtle, Mr. Hush; and Anita’s cat, Cassandra. Favorite Character: My favorite character is Teddy because he always has his Super-Duper Cape. He is usually shy except when he is wearing his cape. Summary: Teddy is a shy five year old boy who lives in an apartment. His sister, Nora is never shy. Teddy gets invited to Bryan’s birthday party but Teddy doesn’t want to go. His mom forces him to go and he ends up being the only other guest. After that, his mom goes to a wedding. His grandma and grandpa visit for two nights. Teddy and Nora didn’t like the breakfast their grandparents made and they were bored. When his mom came back, Teddy had to baby sit his neighbor Anita’s cat, Cassandra. He would get paid money. Cassandra makes a big mess but Teddy washes the mess up with his cape. One day Teddy was very anxious to get a pet. When he and his mom were driving, Teddy saw a pet shop and they went in. Teddy spotted the perfect pet and they bought him. The pet was a turtle and Teddy named him Mr. Hush because he was so quiet. The next day, his substitute teacher said they were going to take a long walk because it was a beautiful day. When they were halfway done, Jerry the fruit store keeper was blocking their way. Teddy saw fruit that looked like tiny oranges. Jerry said they were called kumquats. Teddy’s apartment was right across the street from Jerry’s store, so they went into his apartment. When they went into the elevator, it got stuck. There was a red button that Teddy always wanted to push, and he finally got to push it. When they all got to Teddy’s room, they ate cookies and milk. The next day at school, Teddy was so happy that he put his cape in the dress-up box.

English Poem Essay

The cycle of life drives each individual to pass through different stages until finally reaching adulthood. All the ups and downs, experiences, learning, standing up for him/herself , are steps into reaching the final product : maturity. A coming of age process of a protagonist, a dunce who is heading up to this world to seek for his own destiny, his future looking for answers, and going through various types of experiences. But what drives a youth to take this risk ? There must be a reason for an individual to take such a journey at a young age, and usually and most probably it is an emotional loss, this can be described as something spiritual or in the form of an individual. This protagonist is heading for his maturity, to reach it, he will gradually go through steps that present difficulties he has to face. This lad is wanting to be accepted by the society he lives in as the mature individual he is seeking to achieve. The change a person undergoes to attain a perfect transformation from a youth to adulthood focuses on the psychological and moral growth he/she achieves. The transition of a young man to a man varies in different societies, maturity depends on several factors that differ between societies, some consider sexual maturity as in early adolescence as a sign for maturity, and others take marriage as the conformation an individual takes to prove his maturity, his transition from the dunce he once was to the mature man he is now. The double â€Å"I Do’’ is the kind of choice recognized by the law which is the formal union of two individuals mature enough, responsible enough, and aware by the action they are taking, and they go for it. What circumstances people go through that drive them to step out from naivety to reach adultness which allows them to take big decisions such as marriage ? When an individual pushes himself towards thinking that he is now mature enough to take his own decisions concerning his life and future, he is that individual who has been through a lot of events, through a lot of disappointments and turned out to be unsatisfied with anything he did, or nything he’s been through, and just decides that next step will be to satisfy only he is own needs, without taking into consideration anyone in the surrounding for they were no help to what he once needed. In Nervous conditions the novel, an important topic stands out and that is the danger of Tambu forgetting who she really is, where did she come from, and just get taken by the new life she is offered at the mission. Tambu lives in a society with gender discrimination, she had to be enslaved by the males in her family while her brother Nha mo got that chance to get educated and leave the filth they live in behind. Dangaremba started her novel with â€Å" I was not sorry when my brother died. Nor am I apologizing for my callousness, as you may define it, my lack of feeling. For that is not that at all. I feel many things these days much more than I was able to feel in the days when I was young and my brother died, and there are reasons for this more than the mere consequence of age’’ (page:1), form here we can see that Tambu was happy for her brother’s death, not that she wanted him to die, but his death was the only way she can go to the mission to get the education she always dreamt of. She had the ambition, and the grave to study, what was left is the opportunity, and as soon as her brother died she knew she got that opportunity she was seeking for. Her brother’s death was the beginning of her life changing mission, it was her time to leave the days where she used to carry the pure water for the men to wash their hands with it at first, and then the females of the family are left with the filthy water to use, she was ready and more than happy to leave all of this and go to a whole new place to gain the power she needed to rise, to feel satisfied with the life she was given. In Babamukuru’s house she was introduced to a new world she was far away than getting, she saw the difference between the females in her hometown and the females at the mission, she saw how proud they were to be women, and fought for their rights , she is shown how to deal with her feminist side and to embrace the fact she is born a female, and most of what she learned was from her cousin Nayasha. While passing through all this kind of struggle, and adapting with her new habitat, Tambu was loosing who she really is, the Shona she is, unlike Nayasha who has nothing to loose of her Shona part for he doesn’t even know it. Thus this forms a great big gap inside of Tambu, the anger she feels and dissatisfaction of the life she has doesn’t do her but punishment for disobeying the authorities who are in her case the males of the family. In the African countries a place where Tambu came from, the traditions of marriage is when the bride moves to the husband’s hous e, and thus the authority the dad once had on the bride transfers to he husband, from male to male. In the novel we can see that Maiguru the holder of a masters degree is still under her husband’s authority, and although he gives her the freedom to do whatever she wants by running away, she chooses to come back home showing that she is under the man’s control. Tambu’s coming of age process takes place within the defiance of diverse females in her family against dejection of sexism, and colonialism, and racialism they go through. Tambu at the beginning of the story is a young girl who the life’s requirements pushes her to be very mature due to her situation. For from the moment she was a young girl she was responsible to take care of her sisters, does excessive chores, worries about her mother and her family in general. She chooses to do extra chores in order to lessen her mother’s burden, in addition to finding a new way by her own to get herself back to school because her father was not going to offer her any help to make it happen. But the time where Tambu showed that she reached adolescent is when she shows hybridity between tradition and modernity, although she got westernized or englishized yet she hold on to her traditions and evolved in society as well. At the end of the novel Tambu shows that she put he own needs above anyone’s suggestions, and she did what she found suits her best, at that time she chose to go to sacred heart although each one of her family stood against taking this option, but she refused to be sired to the males in her family and chose to do what she thinks is the best for her gaining the satisfaction she was running after, â€Å" in this way i banished my suspicion,buried it in the depths of my subconscious, and happily went back to Sacred Heart. (p:208) And the last paragraph in the novel is the paragraph that shows that Tambu finally got what she wants and started fresh with a new beginning knowing that she is the master of her life, and the one writing her own story in her own way, â€Å" it was a process whose events stretched over many years and would fill another volume, but the story I have told here, is my own story, the story of four women whom I loved, and our men, this story is how it all be gan. †(p:208) The kite Runner unlike Nervous Conditions shows a delayed coming of age story. Amir the protagonist in this story extends his sore adolescence through guilt and muteness until reaching the age of forty and after his marriage is the time where he decides to fix everything he did wrong. The kite runner talks about two friends who are living together Amir and Hassan, where Hassan served Amir and loved him enough to do whatever he asks him to do, he gave Amir everything while in return he got nothing but trouble. Hassan and Amir at first lived as two little innocent kids looking for journey and experience, the difference between the two was that Hassan was ready to do whatever Amir wants from him due to the love he feels towards him, an loyalty to his one and only friend, but on the contrary Amir was selfish and self-centered all his thoughts was only about him, he never cared about anyone but himself and his biggest struggle was to please baba, who was harsh on him to drive him to be a man. â€Å"I had one last chance to make a decision. One final opportunity to decide who I was going to be. I could step into that alley, stand up for Hassan-the way he’d stood up for me all those times in the past-and accept whatever would happen to me. Or I could run. In the end, I ran. †(p:84) , the moment Amir said those words was the most he admits his selfishness, coward, lack of innocence, and what a backstabber he is. When Amir accuses Hasan for stealing his watch although Hassan never did so, he took the blame because he knew that this is what Amir wants so he just did it, and that caused him to leave Baba’s house, and find his own way with his own father. Later on Amir and Baba traveled to America due to the war Afghanistan is going through, years later in America Baba dies, and Amir marries Soraya a girl who taught him courage and to be bold, things he doesn’t have yet he wishes he did, he hopes to be as courage as what Soraya has shown him. When Amir gets a call from an old friend of him telling him to come back to Afghanistan and that there is a way to be good again, Amir took the choice of going, at that moment Amir decided to step out of his bubble, be mature, and correct the mistakes he had done. He went back to Afghanistan, looked for Hassan and felt devastated to know about Hassan’s death, so he made his life mission to look for his son and take him under his care. He sacrificed himself to rescue him from the people who owned him(Assef), then took him back with him to America and treated him as if his own, for Amir had figured out that he’s unable of having children. And continued his life serving Sohrab ( Hassan’s son) the way Hassan once served him, where at the end of the story he repeats the words Hassan used to tell him â€Å" For you a thousand times over,†(p:401). What’s different in this story form other coming f age stories that he reaches adultness after getting married due to what his wife showed of honesty ,courage, and boldness he never had. And unlike Tambu, the ambition and sexism she went through in her life is what pushed her towards growing maturity in a young age, while Amir his guilt and silence are what drived him to maturity but at a delayed time form that of Nervous Conditions. In the third novel Beasts Of No Nation, the protagonist is a seven year old boy named Agu . Agu is just a kid who doesn’t know what to do , and has no one to guide him through especially, after ending up between a group of people who claim to be soldiers , this seven year old kid has no choice but to do what they tell him in order to fight for his life , so being forced to kill someone or otherwise you die, these are the two options a seven year old was facing, this is what drives a kid to grow sooner than expected. This youth who was lost, confused and has no idea what to do or where to go, and finds out that his destiny is chosen for him to join a group of filthy terrorists claiming that what they do is helping the villages from sinking. This choice that was obliged on him took him away from the life he was happily living in, stole his dreams away and placed him in front of war and killing. â€Å" I was having many friends in my village because all of the other children were that I’m a nice boy , and also I’m the best at all of the game and all the lesson we are learning. So they are all liking me and wanting to be my friend †¦. ’ ( p: 29 ) The childish language he uses, the improper english, all shows the innocence of a child, you can almost see a normal kid , dreaming , and just having fun , to an extent that you’d never think he could kill , and how about killing and loving the pleasure it brings? The first time the Commandant orders Agu to kill someone Agu struggles of what he needs and what he has to do, he doesn’t want to kill the man, but either the man dies of he does, it is a battle for fighting for his own life, â€Å"Then I am hitting his shoulder and then his chest and looking at how Commandant is smiling each time my knife is hitting the man. It is like the world is moving so slowly and I am seeing each drop of blood and each drop of sweat flying here and there. I am hearing the bird flapping their wing as they are leaving all the tree. It is sounding like thunder. I am hearing the mosquito buzzing in my ear so loud and I am feeling how the blood is just wetting on my leg and my face† (p. 21). And then the maturity he reaches was shaped in the fact that he love to kill later on, loved the excitement and pleasure it gets, â€Å"I am raising my knife high above my head. I am liking the sound of knife chopping KPWUDA KPWUDA on her head and how the blood is just splashing on my hand and my face and my feets. † ( p: 51 ), this is the moment when Agu was brainwashed to form a spirit with the love to kill in a little boy’s body. This transition Agu undergoes from the innocent child with dreams and ambition he once was to the killer in a seven year old boy body he now is, shows how the path he took was the one he was forced to take, pressured him into being the way he is now. The life situations of leaving his family and being pushed into a group of gorillas who claim to be soldiers made a little boy form victim to a murderer, but then when the time was for him to be rescued he recalls all the dreams he had, the family he loved, and the little boy he didn’t have the chance to be, and decides to be good again, but he knows he cannot get back to the child life he had, but he can still be good, for all the events, the war, the commandant, the soldiers, forced a little boy to grow too early,†I am knowing I am no more child so if this war is ending I cannot be going back to doing child thing. The three stories each talk about a protagonist who is forced to grow into maturity because of a certain life situations he/she faced. Tambu faced the situation of racism, sexism, and colonialism which pushed her behind chasing her dreams and her ambitions. Amir had a delayed adolescence but the guilt he was full with is what made him correct the mistakes his naivety made him do. And Agu the seven year old never knew how a child life is, and all he faced was war, orders, killing, and had no other choice but to do what he was forced into, and thus this child no longer exists, but a man in a child’s body is now found. The coming of age process of these three different characters follows the bildungsroman genre of how a protagonist through experience and socialization moves from naivety to maturity, in other words defining what a bildungsroman is all about, the moral and psychological growth of the main character.

Chinese Culture 1800-1900

It goes without question from 1800-1900 China was experiencing a decline, which had not been seen for quite some time. Problems such as overpopulation started to take its toll on the once-known elite nation, sending them into famine, lower standard of living, extreme mistreatment of females, especially at young ages and an unfit government that allowed chaos to unfold. Conflict arose in China, but was it due to internal affairs of the Chinese people and government, wanting to maintain its superiority over the West, or were outside forces to blame for the extreme change in culture?Both of these aspects united to form seemingly the perfect storm that sent Chinese culture into a downward spiral for excess of 60 years. At the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, peace was brought to a majority of China and allowed population to grow rapidly, and was estimated to be at about 300 million by the beginning of the nineteenth century. In a mere 50 years, China’s population increased by approx imately 100 million. A 33 percent increase in just 50 years. Such increases had harsh impacts regarding the agricultural front.Food became a prized commodity as China’s overpopulation led to a famine, which the nation had never experienced during a stable and productive agricultural period. Every mountainous and hilly area was terraced and double-cropped in effort to produce a sufficient quantity of nourishment for everyone, but to no avail. As an effect, people began dying of starvation and malnutrition. Jobs were few and far between for the crowded work industry, leaving people unemployed and virtually worthless in the government’s eyes.This problem was not helped in any sense, when the British finally found the one item the Chinese would buy was opium. A drug which was once used for medicinal purposes was now being used in a recreational manner. Use of the drug created addictions among many people, having to feed their addictions by selling their children to receive the drug. Outraged, the emperor banned the production and importation of opium in 1800 and in 1813 banned the smoking of opium. British and American smugglers were still bringing the drug onto Chinese soil, selling it for large profits.Emperor Daoguang debated on how to deal with the crisis and entertained the idea of legalizing the sale of opium and taxing it, which would help money in the government and possibly make it too expensive for anyone to afford. Some of his officials disagreed and wanted the drug to be completely wiped out. Lin Zexu was given the job to fight the drug problem and get to the main source of where the drug was coming from. Zexu arrested many en route to finding the drug was being smuggled by British citizens.He sent 500 laborers in to destroy the supply, which was enough for the British to begin warring with the Chinese (The Opium War). The British took their navy and obliterated the Chinese in what is known as The Opium Warm. Following the destruction of the Chinese navy, for being far too old, the British made them sign the Treaty of Nanjing, which allowed five new ports to be opened for trade, gave British money for destruction of opium and demanded Hong Kong. Nearly a decade after, Britain felt China was not holding out its side of the treaty and teamed with France to attack the coast of China, once again.The attack was based around the desire for more trade ports to be opened. Again, the Chinese endured an onslaught, and an additional ten ports are opened, more money was paid and the Europeans could travel wherever they desired on Chinese land, while abiding by European law (The Opium War). Less than a decade after The Opium War, the Chinese were faced with unprecedented rebellions the world had never seen. The Taiping Rebellion lasted an astonishing 13 years and claimed the lives of approximately 30 million people and was driven by an unorthodox religion.Hong Xiuquan claimed to be the younger brother of Jesus Christ and began p reaching to people around the nation to get them to follow his beliefs. After sweeping through parts of the country and destroying many temples and lives in the process, the idea of equalization was starting to be taught, although it never worked. The Taiping Rebellion was followed by the Nian and Muslim Rebellions, which weren’t as significant (Qing Dynasty). Self-strengthening was an idea brought about to help the Chinese get themselves out of such a rough time and back to the elite power they once were.Conflict again arose during the discussions, as the government could not agree upon a certain route to take in planning the idea. Empress Dowager Cixi was given power due to the death of the emperor, which left a 4-year-old for the throne. She was able to manipulate people in her court to do what she wanted and when she wanted. Cixi was conservative and allowed outsiders walk all over the Chinese, and again were demolished by the French. The Chinese were in a time where they were desperate to catch up with the rest of the western world.Reformations covered a vast amount of areas but mainly focused on the depleted militaristic aspect of China. Unfortunately China would not be able to make the next step and reach the level of France or Britain, having only weapons that were second-best. China missed its chance to make the leap needed to catch up with the rest of the vastly changing world. Outside pressures from France, Britain and Russia forced China into a corner, having to back down due to an unequal army and navy.Although, China was pressured from others, it created its own problems as well, with a government that could decide on nothing good for the people. Most of the conflicts were brought upon themselves, but the extra pressure from the West made China feel the hardship more than if it were only internal affairs which had brought the nation to struggle.Works Cited â€Å"Qing Dynasty. † www. mnsu. edu. Minnesota State University, Dec. 2003. Web. 23 Mar. 2010. . â€Å"The Opium War. † www. harvard. edu. Harvard University, 19 June 2002. Web. 23 Mar. 2010. .

career choices essays

career choices essays Up until recently I did not know what I wanted to do with my life. I was going to school but I really had no idea what I wanted to study. Recently, after contemplating multiple career choices, I have decided that I want to become a psychologist. Psychologists study the human mind and human behavior. Like other scientists, psychologists make hypothesis and then perform experiments to test these assumptions. Their research methods may differ depending on what topic they are studying. There are numerous research methods in which psychologists gather their data. Sometimes they gather information through controlled laboratory experiments. Psychologists also administer personality, performance, aptitude and intelligence tests. Other methods include observation, interviews, questionnaires, clinical studies and surveys. Psychologists use their knowledge in a wide variety of settings including health and human services, management, education, law and sports. In addition to the variety of work settings, psychologists usually specialize in a single aspect of their growing field. Some types of psychologists include clinical, counseling, school, industrial, developmental, social and experimental or research psychologists. There are two categories of psychology that I am interested in, they are clinical and industrial. Clinical psychology is a branch of psychology that deals with applying research findings in the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders. Clinical psychologists classify their work under three major headings: assessment, treatment and research. In assessment, they give and interpret psychological tests. These tests are given to determine the patients intelligence or to determine their mental characteristics. Another way to determine these characteristics is in an interview, where the psychologist questions and interacts with the patients. For the treatment s ...